Digital privacy expert explains why often accepting cookies poses cyber risks
According to new research by our friends at NordVPN– one of the world’s most advanced VPN service providers , only 3,5% of Canadians never accept cookies. To make matters worse, a whopping 43% say they always accept cookies. While most HTTP cookies are safe, some can be used to track people without their consent. Even more, cookies can sometimes be spied upon or used to fake the identity of a user, to gain access to their account or use their identity to commit a crime.
“HTTP cookies are vital to the internet, but they are also a vulnerability to people’s privacy. As a necessary part of web browsing, cookies help web developers to provide more personal, convenient website visits. Because of cookies, websites remember you, your logins, shopping carts, and even more. But they can also be a treasure trove of private information for criminals to spy on,” says Daniel Markuson, a digital privacy expert at NordVPN.
What are cookies, and why are they a threat?
Also known as an HTTP cookie or browser cookie, a cookie is a piece of data that’s stored on your browser whenever you visit a website. When enabled, the website will remember your preferences and any small changes you made during your last visit.
Are Cookies Normal and Necessary?
Cookies are a normal and necessary part of the internet. Without them, you couldn’t log into a website or fill your online shopping cart. However, too many cookies can become a threat to both your security and privacy.
“People need to be aware that cookies follow you online. Even if you hide your IP address with a VPN, cookies can track what you do online and form a partial ID of who you are. Moreover, third parties can sell your cookies. Some sites earn revenue by serving third-party cookies. These aren’t functional – their purpose is to turn a profit from your data. Also, cookies are a vulnerability. With the wrong browser settings or when visiting the wrong website, cookies can introduce security vulnerabilities to your browsing experience,” says Daniel Markuson.
68,5% of Canadians feel that their online data is used for targeted ads
NordVPN research shows that Canadians feel the consequences of collected cookies:
68,5% feel that their online data is used for targeted ads;
66% feel that it’s being sold to other companies.
Moreover, 57% and 53% respectively believe that their data is analyzed by websites for their internal use and that it’s used by social media platforms for people to find the most relevant information
“Canadians must be pretty aware of the constant pop-up requesting them to ‘Accept all cookies?’ while visiting online websites. It happens in order to comply with data privacy laws, which were designed to protect users’ personal information and force companies to state what kind of data is being collected and how it is being used,” says Daniel Markuson.
How to stop cookies from tracking you
There are plenty of tools and tips to make your online activity more private.
“First, navigate to your browser’s settings and choose to delete all the cookies stored in your browser. Most browsers also offer features to block unnecessary cookies automatically. Second, use incognito mode. While incognito mode does not equal privacy, this is exactly what it was made for — setting aside a single browsing session that won’t save cookies and your history.
Finally, use a VPN. One of a VPN’s core features is to hide your IP address, which is critical if you want your online searches to stay private. Quite recently, NordVPN launched the Threat Protection feature, which offers a tracker blocker. That means that third-party cookies won’t be able to gather data about people’s browsing habits and create a detailed profile on you. So you can use online services in privacy,” says Daniel Markuson.
Methodology: Though the survey was commissioned by NordVPN and conducted by the external company Cint on October 4-12, 2021, the results and browsing trends continue into today. The survey’s target group was residents of France, the USA, Canada, Australia, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, and Poland aged 18+ (nationally representative), and the sample was taken from national internet users. Quotas were placed on age, gender, and place of residence. 7800 people were surveyed in total, made up of 800 people from Spain and 1000 people from each of the remaining countries.
The trouble is that automobiles, like everything else, are subject to the law of entropy.
“Preservation” is about more than just keeping the odometer reading low. “Like-new” means something different after one, two, or three decades, even if the car still has plastic wrap on the steering wheel. The paint, upholstery, and trim may look flawless—but what about the bits you can’t see, like the complex systems and different materials that make up the driveline? Just because a car is like-new doesn’t mean it actually is new, or that you can just hop in and drive it home. We decided to call up some experts across the industry to answer a big question: What exactly is happening to a car when it sits?
The Henry Ford Museum/Wes Duenkel
First off, what’s happening to it while it sits depends on where it sits.
Imagine a car in a museum—perhaps the Le Mans–winning Ford Mark IV at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan. Now, think of that old pickup you once saw sitting in a field. Technically, they’re both decaying. One is just decaying far more slowly than the other.
The race car lives in a perfectly curated world. The temperature in the museum is consistent and the humidity is just so: Low enough to deter moisture-loving insects and mold, high enough to prevent the tires and other rubber seals from drying out. A museum car’s tires may barely touch the ground, because the chassis sits on jack stands. The fluids in the car—fuel, coolant, oil—have either been drained or supplemented with stabilizing agents. The upholstery is regularly vacuumed to eliminate pests. Dust barely gathers on the body before someone gently sweeps it off.
The wheel of The Henry Ford’s 1967 Ford Mark IV race car, with its original tire. The Henry Ford Museum
The pickup, meanwhile, has been at the mercy of the weather for who knows how long. The tires have cracked and rotted. Salty air might be corroding metal. Insects and/or rodents might be living inside the cabin and engine bay. The engine’s cylinders may be dry, the gas in its rusty fuel tank a kind of goo, the oil gray instead of honey-colored. Its paint may be bubbling, its carpets mildewing.
Those are two extreme examples, of course, but when it comes to the condition of a car, the storage (or display) environment makes all the difference, whether the car is Henry Ford’s original Quadricycle from 1896 or a brain scientist’s sporty Sentra from 1992. To keep a “like-new” car living up to its descriptor, the temperature must be consistent; otherwise, even the most immaculate car will bake, sweat, and/or freeze. The moisture in the air needs to be high enough to slow the decay of organic materials like tires but low enough to protect from rust. The room itself needs to be well-sealed to deter pests. The vehicle also needs a barrier (or two) between the paint and the dust, dirt, and grime that will accumulate. And that’s only the parts of the car you can see …
The Odometer Doesn’t Tell the Whole Story
Tom’s 16,000-mile/ 25,750-kilometer Porsche, where he found it. Youtube / Hagerty
The Barn Find Hunter
No one is more familiar with finding automotive diamonds in rough storage situations than Tom Cotter, known as The Barn Find Hunter. When I called him to discuss this story, the consequences of bad storage were especially fresh on his mind: He had just bought a barn-find car (a 1986 Porsche 930 Turbo) with 16,000 miles. “That’s the good news,” he said. “The bad news is that it has not been driven since 1996, so nearly 30 years. And even though it had a plastic sheet on it, somehow it got filthy. Filthy. My heart breaks.” Even worse, the windows were open, and the car was infested with mice. It needs a thorough recommissioning: brakes, gas tank, fuel lines, fuel injection unit, fuel injector, fuel pump—and those are just the major areas, says Tom. He’s still in the process of figuring out how much the car needs, but if everything needs to be replaced, the work could cost as much as $40,000 usd/ $58,000 cad. Oh, and he’ll need a new set of tires—the car was parked on its original set from 1986.
“Just because a car has low miles doesn’t mean it was well cared for,” says Cotter. “Cars go bad when they sit.” A perfect storage environment and a sedentary life don’t guarantee stasis, either: “There are things that happen inside the systems of a car that break down, like the rubber in a brake system or the rubber in our fuel system. It doesn’t matter if the car is hot or cold or clean or dirty, those things are going to break down.” One interesting system that is especially prone to degrading when a car sits is the exhaust, he says. “For every gallon (3.785 liters) of fuel that’s burned in a car, a gallon of water comes out the tailpipe. It’s just part of the combustion process. And so if you run the car and then turn it off and park it for 20 years, you’ve got at least a gallon of water (3.785 liters) sitting in the exhaust system—most of it, in the muffler. Unless it’s made of stainless steel or something, it’s going to just rot right out. There’s really nothing you can do about that.”
The fluids and the metals in a car are often conspiring against each other.
“One of the biggest challenges you have managing large collections—and with cars that sit, too—is coolant system corrosion,” says Scott George, curator of collections at the Revs Institute in Naples, Florida, who knows a thing or two about keeping old cars in peak health. “You’ve got brass, copper, aluminum, iron, steel, all coming in contact with water, and it can create a battery of sorts. It can almost create its own internal energy, which can attack certain metals that are most vulnerable,” like the vanes in a water pump, which are often made of a different metal than the pump itself. Using antifreeze doesn’t eliminate the problem: Those systems can corrode, too, damaging hose connections and water chambers in cylinder heads. “Corrosion in radiators, and things that attack solder and solder seams, are also a big challenge for anybody with large collections.”
Proper storage requires understanding of the car’s construction, because certain materials require special attention and/or precautions. Wool and horsehair, materials that are especially common in the upholstery of cars built before World War II, can attract cloth moths and carpet beetles. Cuong Nguyen, a senior conservator at The Henry Ford, who is heavily involved in the care of the museum’s 300-car collection, suggests vacuuming such cars each season. He also warns that some more modern wiring harnesses are made with soy-based materials that, while eco-friendly, attract mice. Sticky traps, he says, especially those without pheromones, can be good preventive measures for furry pests.
Understanding how a car is built also helps set expectations for how it ages, even in the best conditions. For instance, different sorts of paints wear differently: Lacquer-based paint, used on most cars built before the late 1980s or early ‘90s, doesn’t hold up as well as the more modern, urethane-based version. Another notoriously finicky modern material covers the soft-touch buttons found in some Italian exotics from the 1990s or early 2000s. The black material gets sticky over time.
Cotter, who owns a storage facility called Auto Barn in North Carolina, encourages enthusiasts to store their vehicles thoughtfully because they’re protecting their financial investment. “It might take you a half-day to get a car ready to lock up, but put a little bit of effort into it. You are maintaining your investment. It’s a mechanical portfolio. A car that’s parked haphazardly will more than likely go down in value.”
The best place to store a car—with any odometer reading—is in a clean, dry place with temperature and humidity control. To avoid flat spots on the tires, which can develop within a year, the car should be elevated, just slightly, on jack stands (as mentioned above, a trick used by museums) or lowered onto a set of tire cradles. If the fuel isn’t drained, it should be ethanol-free; the regular stuff turns into a gummy, gooey mess when it sits. If the fuel in the tank does contain ethanol, it should be supplemented with a fuel stabilizer. If the car was driven regularly before storage, the carpets in the driver’s side footwell should either be completely dry or propped up, away from the floorboards. Cotter explains why: moisture from the driver’s shoes may get onto and under the carpets, and it may mold the carpets or, worse, become trapped between the rubber backing and the sheet metal underneath, which may begin to rust.
Some sort of rodent protection, even a Bounce sheet, should be taken. (This nifty device, called Mouse Blocker, uses sonic pulses to keep the critters at bay.) One moisture-absorbing trick that Cotter recommends is cheap, and readily found at your local hardware store: charcoal, which absorbs moisture and odors. Ideally, the paint should be waxed and the car put under a cover. Feeling fancy? Look into a Car Capsule, the “bubbles” that the Detroit Historical Society uses to store its cars.
YouTube / Hagerty
While in Storage
Of course, not all low-mile cars are barn finds like Tom’s Porsche. Many of them present amazingly well. Scott George weighs in. There’s an excitement, he says, about buying a car that appears locked in time and cosmetically perfect—free of nicks, scrapes, bumps, wrinkles. But some people, he says, may not think about what they’re getting into at a mechanical level: “Every time I see a later-model car sell with low mileage, what often goes through my mind is ‘cha-ching, cha-ching, cha-ching.’” He’s seen what can happen when cars sit for 25 or 30 years: “Everything functioning part of the automobile, maybe except for a total engine rebuild, has to be redone.”
Not all buyers may want to drive their pristine, low-mile prize, he admits—some may simply want to be the next owner, to park the car in their climate-controlled showroom as a trophy. There is nothing wrong with that, of course, but down the road, it may be a very costly one—if not for them, for the next person who buys it and wants to drive it. “Cars are operating machines,” George says. “They like to drive.”
At the very least, a car should be started once in a while, and run for more than 5 or 10 minutes—half an hour or so, at least, so that the engine and oil can come up to temperature and cooling fluids can fully circulate. Starting a car and quickly turning it off, says Cotter, “does more damage than if you just leave it alone because the cylinders are dry—there’s not enough oil in the system.”
Acids and moisture can build up, warns George, if a car doesn’t run long enough, “and exhaust systems can corrode from the inside out, and so forth.” He practices what he preaches: The Revs Institute has an unusually high commitment to keeping most of its 120-something collection running, and that means driving the cars—on a circuit loop, for the road cars, or on track, for the race cars, whether that’s at a historic racing event or during a test day where Revs rents out a facility.
Where a car is stored may make the most difference in preserving its condition, but how it is maintained during that period is a close second. “I have witnessed actually cars that 25 or 30 years old that literally sat,” says George, “and I’ve seen it firsthand: every functioning part of the automobile, maybe except for a total engine rebuild, has to be redone. The fuel systems, the fuel injectors, all of that stuff.” Maintaining a low-mile car in driving condition requires a balance of commitment and restraint: “There are some people that have just had these wonderful low-mileage cars,” says George, “and they have done annual maintenance and they have cared for the mechanical systems. They’ve just been cautious about how many mile miles they’ve put on.”
In short, the best way to keep a car in driving condition is to, well, drive it.
“Just because a car has low miles doesn’t mean it was well cared for,” says Cotter. “Cars go bad when they sit.” A perfect storage environment and a sedentary life don’t guarantee stasis, either: “There are things that happen inside the systems of a car that break down, like the rubber in a brake system or the rubber in our fuel system. It doesn’t matter if the car is hot or cold or clean or dirty, those things are going to break down.” One interesting system that is especially prone to degrading when a car sits is the exhaust, he says. “For every gallon of fuel that’s burned in a car, a gallon of water comes out the tailpipe. It’s just part of the combustion process. And so if you run the car and then turn it off and park it for 20 years, you’ve got at least a gallon of water sitting in the exhaust system—most of it, in the muffler. Unless it’s made of stainless steel or something, it’s going to just rot right out. There’s really nothing you can do about that.”
The fluids and the metals in a car are often conspiring against each other. “One of the biggest challenges you have managing large collections—and with cars that sit, too—is coolant system corrosion,” says Scott George, curator of collections at the Revs Institute in Naples, Florida, who knows a thing or two about keeping old cars in peak health. “You’ve got brass, copper, aluminum, iron, steel, all coming in contact with water, and it can create a battery of sorts. It can almost create its own internal energy, which can attack certain metals that are most vulnerable,” like the vanes in a water pump, which are often made of a different metal than the pump itself. Using antifreeze doesn’t eliminate the problem: Those systems can corrode, too, damaging hose connections and water chambers in cylinder heads. “Corrosion in radiators, and things that attack solder and solder seams, are also a big challenge for anybody with large collections.”
Proper storage requires understanding of the car’s construction, because certain materials require special attention and/or precautions. Wool and horsehair, materials that are especially common in the upholstery of cars built before World War II, can attract cloth moths and carpet beetles. Cuong Nguyen, a senior conservator at The Henry Ford, who is heavily involved in the care of the museum’s 300-car collection, suggests vacuuming such cars each season. He also warns that some more modern wiring harnesses are made with soy-based materials that, while eco-friendly, attract mice. Sticky traps, he says, especially those without pheromones, can be good preventive measures for furry pests.
Understanding how a car is built also helps set expectations for how it ages, even in the best conditions. For instance, different sorts of paints wear differently: Lacquer-based paint, used on most cars built before the late 1980s or early ‘90s, doesn’t hold up as well as the more modern, urethane-based version. Another notoriously finicky modern material covers the soft-touch buttons found in some Italian exotics from the 1990s or early 2000s. The black material gets sticky over time.
Best-Case Storage Scenario
Cotter, who owns a storage facility called Auto Barn in North Carolina, encourages enthusiasts to store their vehicles thoughtfully because they’re protecting their financial investment. “It might take you a half-day to get a car ready to lock up, but put a little bit of effort into it. You are maintaining your investment. It’s a mechanical portfolio. A car that’s parked haphazardly will more than likely go down in value.”
The best place to store a car—with any odometer reading—is in a clean, dry place with temperature and humidity control. To avoid flat spots on the tires, which can develop within a year, the car should be elevated, just slightly, on jack stands (as mentioned above, a trick used by museums) or lowered onto a set of tire cradles. If the fuel isn’t drained, it should be ethanol-free; the regular stuff turns into a gummy, gooey mess when it sits. If the fuel in the tank does contain ethanol, it should be supplemented with a fuel stabilizer. If the car was driven regularly before storage, the carpets in the driver’s side footwell should either be completely dry or propped up, away from the floorboards. Cotter explains why: moisture from the driver’s shoes may get onto and under the carpets, and it may mold the carpets or, worse, become trapped between the rubber backing and the sheet metal underneath, which may begin to rust.
While in Storage
Of course, not all low-mile cars are barn finds like Tom’s Porsche. Many of them present amazingly well. Scott George weighs in. There’s an excitement, he says, about buying a car that appears locked in time and cosmetically perfect—free of nicks, scrapes, bumps, wrinkles. But some people, he says, may not think about what they’re getting into at a mechanical level: “Every time I see a later-model car sell with low mileage, what often goes through my mind is ‘cha-ching, cha-ching, cha-ching.’” He’s seen what can happen when cars sit for 25 or 30 years: “Everything functioning part of the automobile, maybe except for a total engine rebuild, has to be redone.”
SPOTLIGHT: The Casio SK series keyboards, carries great nostalgia for many who grew up in the 80s and 90s.
My friend got one for his birthday, and after spending an entire day at his place sampling burps, coughs and farts, I knew I was destined to become an electronic musician. If this is your story too- let us know below in the comments section.
The SK line’s distinctive design and sound evoke memories of early bedroom-made electronic music and hip-hop production, making it a sought-after collector’s item. The SK sound quality is characterized by its lo-fi charm. Everything sampled into it sounds like crap, but in a good way!
Used prominently on my 2008 release of AUDIOCOSM by Jarrod Barker, the SK-8 was used as a sampling beat box and also one or two of its famous presets were used in a loop to create swirling matrices of sound on a number of tracks. I found this keyboard in a thrift store in 2007 buried in the children’s electronic toys. It was $2.99 CAD and even had the battery cover. This fortuitous discovery was the spark that led to the writing and recording (on a boat no less!) of AUDIOCOSM.
The rare white version of the SK-10.
At their absolute basic, the SK line are fun keyboards and a great introduction tool to lo-fi sampling. But there is much more.
After recording a short audio sample (recorded either via the built in monophonic microphone or by plugging in an audio source using the 1/8″ female jack) you can choose from various envelopes (settings that affect how the sound starts, how long it sounds and how it ends) and also select whether to reverse or loop samples. These toy synthesizers are a treat when connected via guitar effects pedals. A good outboard effect can transform these keyboards into something much more powerful and believable. If that isn’t enough you can explore the factory preset sounds some of which sound more realistic than others but all have usefulness in the correct setting.
Most SK’s have a decent enough piano, vibraphone, flute, trumpet and clarinet sounds. There are also built-in speakers that are loud enough for mobile use such as camping or beach hang outs and of course the SK’s run on batteries. They also have line out feature which bypasses the onboard speakers allowing you to record them into your favorite DAW or standalone recording machine….an analog 4 track is a great bedfellow.
The Mod community and the SK (circuit bending)
Due to it’s relative affordability (used prices have continued to rise in the past 10 years) the SK series of keyboards have been embraced by electronic musician modifiers. Their basic construction and ease of internal access makes modifying them a lot of fun. The creativity of modders seems to be endless- everything from MIDI control to individual audio outputs to real time control of sound chips using dip switches or rotary controls.
Join that thriving community by buying this one from our friend at Tone Tweakers today! For the Silo, Jarrod Barker.
April, 2026 – Capital spending on AI has surged into the hundreds of billions, yet the economic payoff remains elusive. Despite rapid investment and widespread experimentation with generative AI tools, measurable productivity gains have yet to show up clearly in aggregate data across advanced economies – raising an important question: who will be first to turn this momentum into measurable gains?
In “From Hype to Output: How AI Investment Translates to Real Productivity Gains,” I discovered that while AI offers a path to stronger economic performance and could help address Canada’s long-standing productivity challenges, realizing these gains will require policies that accelerate business adoption and diffusion, which remain uneven across most industries and regions. This includes removing barriers, ensuring access to data resources and encouraging integration across firms and sectors.
Artificial intelligence has renewed optimism about improving Canada’s long-standing productivity problem, but history shows that general-purpose technologies often take decades to produce measurable economy-wide gains. Early adoption typically produces modest improvements as firms experiment and invest in complementary assets such as data, skills, and organizational changes.
Canada performs reasonably well in international AI rankings and produces strong research output, but it lags leading countries in computing capacity and commercialization. Canadians are among the most frequent users of generative AI tools globally, yet business adoption remains uneven and relatively limited.
Canadian data show that about 12 percent of businesses currently use AI, and most report little change in employment following adoption. Many firms say AI is not relevant to their operations or lack the knowledge needed to implement it effectively, suggesting adoption barriers remain significant.
Policy should therefore prioritize accelerating AI adoption and diffusion across sectors while maintaining Canada’s research and infrastructure capacity. Governments can support this by improving regulatory clarity, expanding data access, strengthening AI literacy, and encouraging firms to experiment and integrate AI into their operations.
Introduction
Canada faces a persistent productivity challenge.
Growth in output per work-hour has stagnated for decades, and the gap with the United States continues to widen.1 Policymakers have long sought levers to reverse this trend, and the rapid emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) – particularly generative AI since late 2022 – has prompted renewed optimism that a transformative technology might finally deliver the productivity gains that have proved elusive.
This Commentary discusses the impacts of AI technologies, with a focus on more recent generative AI. In particular, these technologies are unique in their low barriers to adoption and use in terms of both skill and cost as generalized tools. With such low barriers to entry, there is potential for rapid adoption and scaling of AI technologies across many sectors of the economy. Yet enthusiasm must be tempered by evidence: general-purpose technologies (such as AI) historically take decades to reshape economies, and the path from adoption to measurable productivity growth is neither linear nor guaranteed.
This Commentary examines AI’s potential contribution to Canadian productivity growth through an evidence-based policy lens. It begins by establishing what AI technologies are and how technological change translates into economic output, drawing on the concept of the “productivity J-curve” to explain why early-stage adoption often fails to register in macroeconomic statistics. The paper then situates the current AI investment boom in a historical and international context and summarizes research quantifying both the infrastructure-driven and adoption-driven channels through which AI may affect GDP. A comparative analysis positions Canada among its international peers, revealing a paradox: world-class research output coexists with middling commercial translation and infrastructure capacity. Detailed examination of Canadian business adoption data shows significant variation across industries and provinces, with early signs that initial experimentation may be giving way to more selective, sustained implementation.
The central argument is that maximizing the likelihood that AI technologies will boost Canada’s productivity growth requires policy focused on accelerating AI adoption and diffusion across sectors. While government investment in computing capacity supports the domestic development of AI technologies (and democratizes access to computing power), government resource constraints, significant uncertainty about AI development trajectories, and the relatively smaller size of the Canadian AI economy suggest that AI infrastructure policies should focus on maintaining and improving Canada’s relative international competitiveness. Policies that encourage firms to experiment, learn, and eventually reimagine their operations around AI capabilities can position Canada to capture productivity gains as the technology matures. AI, as a generalized technology, can be deployed across many industries and is linked to other economic development and industrial policy priorities, including small- and medium-sized business growth and international trade diversification. This paper concludes with policy recommendations that balance the uncertain timeline of AI’s macroeconomic impact against the risk of falling further behind more aggressive international competitors.
The Current AI Boom in Context
The emergence of generative AI since late 2022 has triggered an unprecedented wave of capital investment and rapid enterprise adoption. This technological shift is reshaping economic growth dynamics through two channels: the direct contribution of infrastructure investment to GDP and longer-term productivity gains from AI adoption across industries. Understanding the magnitude, timing, and distribution of these effects is essential for policymakers seeking to position their economies to benefit from AI’s transformative potential. Much of this section refers to the US economy, where more data on AI investment and GDP effects are available.
Capital expenditure on AI infrastructure has reached historic proportions. Hyperscaler companies – Amazon, Google, Meta, Microsoft, and Oracle – allocated about $342 billion to capital expenditures in 2025, a 62 percent increase from the previous year (Aliaga 2025). Estimates suggest AI-related capital expenditures could reach US$527 billion in 2026 (Goldman Sachs 2025). This spending encompasses semiconductors, data centres, networking equipment, and the power infrastructure required to support “compute”-intensive AI workloads.
In Canada, the federal government announced $2 billion over five years starting in 2024-25 for the Canadian Sovereign AI Strategy, including $705 million for “compute” infrastructure. Microsoft has also announced it is spending $19 billion on AI infrastructure investment in Canada between 2023 and 2027, with $7.5 billion of that over the next two years (Smith 2025). Industry categories related to AI2 accounted for $195 billion in 2021 and grew to $229 billion in 2024, representing 9.3 to 10 percent of Canada’s GDP, respectively.
The impact of AI investment on the US economy is significant, though estimates vary widely. In the first nine months of 2025, GDP product categories related to AI investment (such as computing and communications equipment, data centre structures, software, and research and development) represented 37 percent of real GDP growth and 8 percent of real GDP (Levine 2025).3 Other estimates suggest AI contributed roughly 1 percentage point to US GDP growth in 2025 (Boussour 2025; Goldman Sachs 2025; Aliaga 2025), making it the second-largest contributor to growth after consumption (Singh 2026).4 The scale of investment in AI infrastructure in the US has led to debate about whether it is fueling an equity market bubble (BNP Paribas 2025; Barnette and Peterson 2025). There have been multiple “AI winters” in the past – periods of significant decline in enthusiasm, funding, and progress in the field of AI.5
However, much of the spending on AI infrastructure does not translate directly into domestic GDP because many inputs are imported – for example, semiconductors manufactured in Taiwan. This is particularly important for Canada, since both infrastructure inputs and the outputs of dominant AI companies (AI products and software) are predominantly located abroad. Secondary economic effects and labour dynamics associated with the expansion of infrastructure investment are also important to consider. Data centre construction has had significant impacts on the construction industry in the United States. The top 50 contractors by size have doubled revenues within a year, and salaries for trades workers are 32 percent higher for data centre projects compared to other construction (Paoli 2025). Once built, however, data centres require relatively few permanent workers.
There are also counter-balancing factors to consider. Corrado et al. (2025) show that while investment in data as an intangible asset can improve efficiency, the growing importance of proprietary datasets slows the diffusion of innovation. So far, the negative impact on diffusion outweighs the efficiency gains from intangible data capital.
Currently, the main channel through which AI is measurably increasing US GDP is capital expenditures. Over the longer term, however, these investments must translate to products and services that meaningfully increase productivity to have a sustained effect on growth. So far, the acceleration of AI development and diffusion has not been associated with higher productivity growth at the macroeconomic level across G7 countries (Filippucci et al. 2024; Andre and Gal 2024; Goldin et al. 2024). As with earlier general-purpose technologies, widespread productivity gains may take years to materialize.
Estimates of AI’s long-term productivity impact for the US vary widely – from 1.5 percent labour-productivity growth annually (Goldman Sachs 2025) to less than 1 percent cumulatively over a decade (Acemoglu 2024), as shown in Figure 1. Some researchers argue that the long-run impact may instead arise from persistently faster growth rather than a one-time productivity shift (Baily, Brynjolfsson, and Korinek 2023). The timeline and magnitude of significant macroeconomic growth related to AI adoption depend on continued improvements in AI capabilities, widespread adoption, and complementarities with human skills and other technologies (Filippucci et al. 2024).
AI Already Affecting Labour Market
There is some evidence that AI is already having labour market effects: Brynjolfsson, Chander, and Chen (2025) estimate that early career workers in AI-exposed occupations experience a 16 percent relative employment decline while employment remained stable for more experienced workers. Across occupational categories in the US, 2.6-75.5 percent of occupations could have at least 50 percent of their tasks affected by GenAI (Arnon 2025). Research on the UK labour market finds that 11 percent of occupational tasks are exposed to generative AI automation/augmentation as part of “low-hanging fruit” implementation cases, and up to 59 percent of tasks will be exposed to Gen-AI as it develops into more integrated systems (Jung and Desikan, 2024). Heneseke et al. (2025) find that the price premium for AI-exposed tasks declined by 12 percent from 2017 to 2023/24 and that job postings were 5.5 percent lower in 2025-Q2 than if pre-GPT hiring patterns had persisted.
As AI technology is adopted, some labour market disruption is inevitable, but that does not mean that AI necessarily leads to widespread unemployment. Job losses can occur only if innovation outstrips growth in demand for new products and services. Further, the potential for automation does not necessarily translate into actual automation: the decision to automate depends on factors such as firm size, competitive pressure, and the cost of a machine versus the cost of human labour. As technology diffuses and improves productivity, GDP and wages increase, which increases demand for goods and services, creating new employment. Rapid technological progress is regularly accompanied by fears of widespread unemployment. In reality, however, markets adjust dynamically to technology adoption over time, and widespread unemployment is unlikely (Oschinski and Wyonch 2017).6
At the firm level, growing evidence suggests AI can improve labour productivity in many contexts (Figure 2, Table A1). Meta-analysis of research measuring the productivity effects of generative AI shows mixed results across studies and applications. But on average, the use of GenAI tools increased labour productivity (in particular, tasks or departments) by 17 percent (Coupe and Wu 2025).
Despite these gains, there is a notable divide in the wide adoption of tools like ChatGPT and enterprise-grade AI systems (Challapally et al. 2025). Nearly 80 percent of organizations report exploring or piloting large language model (LLM) products, and 40 percent report deployment. These tools primarily enhance individual worker productivity but are not deployed for core business functions.7 By contrast, 60 percent of companies have evaluated enterprise or custom systems, yet only 5 percent reach production.
Tools that succeeded had low configuration barriers and immediately noticeable value, while those that require extensive upfront customization often stalled in the pilot stage. The core barrier to scaling is not infrastructure, regulation, or talent. It is GenAI’s lack of capacity to learn or remember over time (particularly static enterprise tools relative to rapidly evolving consumer-facing tools).8 Aside from enterprise-level adoption and development, there is significant adoption of AI technologies by individual workers to enhance personal productivity. In 2024, 40 percent of the working-age population in the US was using GenAI, 23 percent used it for work, and 9 percent used it every workday (Bick, Blandin, and Deming 2025). The high failure rate of AI pilots can be explained by the productivity J-curve and the current stage of development and adoption (intangible capital accumulation that leads to future productivity improvement). A high failure rate of pilots shows experimentation and contributes to ongoing development on the one hand. On the other, companies that experiment with AI and abandon it might be less likely to adopt it in the future, despite rapid evolution.
Uneven Gains
Productivity gains from new technologies are uneven across sectors and difficult to predict because they depend on where technological change occurs.9 Adoption is also shaped by market competition, regulation, and the current distribution of technology within industries (Howitt 2015). Given the uncertainty around AI’s trajectory and the sectors where it may generate the largest gains, productivity improvements are possible, but expectations may also exceed outcomes. Bridging from the initial development and experimentation phase to widespread adoption, eventual integration and process changes can be accelerated by addressing technical, institutional, and bureaucratic barriers (Ouimetter, Teather, and Allison 2024). Empirical modelling suggests that people, process, and data readiness are required in addition to technology/capital investment to achieve long term operational success (Uren and Edwards 2023). Government policy should be economically broad-based and not narrowly focused on particular industries or applications. It should also be cautious and balance uncertain long-run productivity gains with maintaining competitiveness in a rapidly developing global technology market.
How Canada Compares Internationally
Canada performs reasonably well in international AI rankings, placing eighth overall across five different international AI rankings (Figure 3).10 Rankings vary widely depending on their focus and data sources (Table A3). For example, China’s rank ranges from second in the Global AI Index ranking but 32nd in the Global Index on Responsible AI (GCG 2024). Canada ranks highest in the Global AI Index (eighth) and lowest on the IMF’s AI Preparedness Index (18th). Canada has also fallen in the rankings over time – from fourth in 2021 to eighth in 2025 on the Global AI Index (White and Cesareo 2025) and from fifth in 2022 to 12th in 2025 on the Government AI Readiness ranking (Rogerson et al. 2023; Iida et al. 2026). Notably, Canada’s score improved across categories measured in the Oxford AI Readiness Index, suggesting that advancements in AI adoption, development, and public policy have been made, but they have not kept pace with some international peers.
In terms of development and infrastructure, Canada is a high performer, but not a clear leader among the metrics tracked by the OECD’s AI Policy Observatory. More AI research is produced in Canada than in the US or UK (relative to population size). Canada has higher venture capital investment (as a share of GDP) in AI startups than many peer countries, but falls far behind the US and Israel, the clear leaders in the category (OECD.AI 2026a,b). Canada also maintains a respectable presence in computing infrastructure, with 19 of the world’s top 500 supercomputers (Top500 2025) and public cloud regions (Lehdonvirta et al. 2025). Unfortunately, the processing power of those computers ranks only 18th out of 20 comparator countries (Top500 2025).
Strong Research But Weak Commercialization For Canada
Taken together, these indicators reflect a familiar pattern in Canada’s innovation system: strong research output but weaker commercialization. Continued investment in data and processing infrastructure will help maintain competitiveness, but public policy should also encourage private investment.11 Given the scale of investment in countries such as the United States and China, Canada is unlikely to match their computing capacity regardless of policy choices.
Evaluating the usage of major LLMs by country shows that the US and India account for the largest proportions of total users and interactions. After accounting for population size, however, Canada, Australia, and France show the highest usage rates among individuals (Figure 4).12 While individual use does not directly translate to higher productivity in the production of goods and services, familiarity and comfort with AI tools among the general labour force will improve enterprise adoption prospects. A labour force with AI skills reduces enterprise training costs related to adoption and improves the likelihood of employees generating ideas for reorganizing business processes. Conversely, differences between consumer and enterprise applications can create barriers to workplace adoption (Challapally et al. 2025). Even so, if individual workers are using AI tools to increase their personal productivity, there will be marginal productivity effects from using publicly available tools for work tasks.
High individual adoption in Canada contrasts with lower rates of business adoption.
Based on the most recent comparable data, Canada falls below the OECD average overall and for the proportion of medium and large businesses adopting AI (Figure 5). In Korea, Denmark, and Finland, more than half of large companies are using AI.
International data on the businesses’ adoption of AI is highly variable. The OECD estimates 20.2 percent of businesses (with more than 10 employees) use AI,13 while the McKinsey Global Survey finds that 88 percent of businesses experiment with AI in at least one function (McKinsey 2025; OECD 2025). However, only 10 percent of businesses in G7 countries were using AI for core business functions in 2024. Only 2 to 6 percent of firms across G7 countries have high intensity adoption related to core business functions (Fillipucci et al. 2025). High-intensity adoption is highest in the US, followed by Canada, the UK, and Germany.
There are common features of AI adoption across countries:
Firm size: larger businesses are using AI at higher rates than medium or small businesses.14 This could be related to factors including fixed costs of adoption, larger data resources, lower financing constraints, and complementary intangible assets such as information and communication technology (ICT) skills and research capacity (Calvino and Fontanelli 2023).
Industry concentration: adoption is highest in ICT, followed by professional, scientific and technical services, and communications and marketing (OECD 2025).15
Firm characteristics: higher productivity and younger enterprises are more likely to adopt AI (Calvino and Fontanelli 2023; Calvino, Costa, and Haerie, forthcoming).16
Modelled projections suggest that high-intensity AI adoption among enterprises could reach 13 to 63 percent across G7 countries over the next decade, depending on adoption rates and technological progress (Fillipucci et al. 2025). The US is projected to have the highest adoption rates and the largest annual productivity growth related to AI, while Japan is projected to see the lowest. Canada ranks second in projected adoption across scenarios, but third or fourth in projected labour productivity growth, meaning that productivity gains will likely be relatively modest compared to international peers with similar (and slightly lower) adoption rates (Figure 6).17 Estimates suggest that Canada will reach 32-62 percent enterprise adoption in the next 10 years, contributing 0.35 to 1.13 percentage points to annual labour productivity growth.
Overall, available data show that Canada is about average in terms of adoption and development capacity, and the US is a clear leader. Canada has a lower capacity for development related to AI infrastructure than some peer countries, but remains above average. Canadian individuals have higher adoption rates than those in most other countries. Business adoption is less clear-cut. Some indicators place Canada below the international average, while others rank Canada second in the G7 for high-intensity AI adoption in core business functions. For Canada to close the productivity gap, it will need sufficient AI infrastructure to remain competitive, broad adoption, but most importantly, more rapid or effective AI-enabled innovation to develop adaptations of business processes and new products and services.
Canada’s AI Adoption Landscape
Having compared Canada with international peers, this section examines business adoption within Canada.
In the third quarter of 2025, 14.5 percent of businesses were planning to use AI within the next 12 months, a 3.9 percentage point increase from the previous year. As of the second quarter of 2025, 12.2 percent were already using AI. But two-thirds of businesses report no plans to adopt AI, and 18.9 percent were uncertain (Bryan, Sood, and Johnston 2025a). About six in 10 businesses think that AI investment is not important or not relevant to their business.
Planned adoption is highest in Ontario, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, with New Brunswick seeing the largest growth in the proportion of businesses planning to use AI compared to the previous year (Figure 7). Adoption is highest in information and cultural industries; finance and insurance; professional, scientific, and technical services; and healthcare and social services. It is lowest in mining and resources extraction, transportation and warehousing, and construction (Table A1).
Comparing previous and planned AI use shows that the share of businesses planning to adopt AI over the next 12 months is only 2.3 percentage points higher, compared with a 6.1 percentage-point increase from 2024 to 2025. In several sectors – including manufacturing, resource extraction, wholesale and retail trade, and professional services – planned adoption is lower than current usage levels in Q2 2025 (Table 1). Adoption is most likely to increase in accommodation, food services, and real estate over the next year.
Provincial patterns are also uneven. Planned AI use in the information and cultural industries declines in five provinces (including a 39.7-percentage-point drop in New Brunswick) but rises in Ontario, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. In Q2 2025, businesses in Ontario, Quebec, and Manitoba were using AI at higher rates than the national average. By Q3 2026, however, only businesses in Ontario intend to use AI at higher rates than the national average. Businesses in Quebec and Alberta show little appetite for further AI adoption, while those in Prince Edward Island report plans to reduce AI use in 2026 compared with 2025.
Businesses engaging in some international activities are adopting AI at higher rates. Across all provinces, businesses that export services were using AI at higher rates than average. The same is true for importing services in all provinces except Nova Scotia. Businesses that relocated activities outside Canada or made investments outside Canada are also more likely to be using AI at the national level (though these same businesses show the largest declines in intended use over the coming year). Importing and exporting goods has no clear association with AI adoption across provinces.
Overall, businesses involved in international services trade or cross-border investment show higher rates of AI use. This gap will likely close slightly over the year: firms without international activities report higher intentions to adopt AI than the overall business average (3.6 percent compared with 2.3 percent). Meanwhile, firms relocating employees or operations abroad, or investing internationally, report declining intentions to expand AI use.
Canada’s AI adoption landscape (as of Q2 2025) generally mirrors international trends. Younger businesses (10 years or less) adopt AI more frequently than older firms, and large firms adopt more than small ones. The highest adoption rates are concentrated in ICT, finance, and professional, scientific, and technical services. Private enterprises had significantly higher adoption than government agencies and non-profits.
Planned adoption over the next year (reported in Q3 2025) suggests both continuation of these trends and broader diffusion. Government agencies and non-profits serving businesses plan to increase the use of AI at higher proportions than private enterprises. Only 0.1 percent of government agencies reported using AI in early 2025, but 24.3 percent plan on using it within the next year. Younger firms plan to continue to adopt AI at higher rates than older firms.
Planned adoption by firm size varies across provinces. In New Brunswick and Saskatchewan, small (5-19 employees) and medium-sized (20-99 employees) companies report adoption intentions above the national average, while larger firms show declining adoption. In Quebec, by contrast, larger firms continue to adopt AI more rapidly than smaller firms, widening the adoption gap.
Turning to employment effects, most businesses using AI report little change in staffing levels. Among firms that adopted AI in the previous 12 months (12.2 percent of businesses in Q2 2025), 89.4 percent reported no related change in employment (Bryan Sood and Johnston 2025b). Similarly, about 70 percent of firms planning to adopt AI expected no employment change, while another 10 percent are uncertain (Bryan Sood and Johnston 2025a). These results suggest firms may overestimate potential labour savings before implementation. After adoption, 15.1 percent of firms reported no reduction in employee tasks, while 47.2 percent reported only small impacts.
For businesses that do not plan to use AI in the next year, the most common reason is that the technology is not relevant to their products or services (78.1 percent). Only 1.5 percent of businesses said that previous use of AI did not meet expectations. Other common barriers include limited knowledge of AI, privacy, or security concerns, and the technology’s perceived immaturity. Industries with fewer firms reporting AI as irrelevant tend to report lack of knowledge as the primary barrier to adoption.18
Government agencies report the highest rates of disappointment with AI performance (14.8 percent citing unmet expectations as the reason for non-use).19 Regionally, businesses in British Columbia, Alberta, and Ontario report the lowest rates of saying AI is irrelevant to their activities (74.1-76.7 percent), while New Brunswick reports the highest share (88.3 percent). Notably, laws and regulations preventing or restricting the use of AI are one of the least commonly reported reasons for not using AI. This shows that existing industry regulations are not playing a strong role in prohibiting adoption in most industries.
Overall, Canadian data suggest that AI adoption continues to grow but at a slower pace than in 2024. In some sectors, AI use is likely to decline, suggesting that some businesses piloted or implemented AI and did not realize sufficient benefits to continue using the technology. While individuals in Canada use generative AI tools more frequently than those in many peer countries, business adoption remains comparatively limited, and most firms report little measurable labour savings from AI use so far.
Although these trends could indicate declining enthusiasm or unmet expectations, they are also consistent with the early stages of adoption for past general-purpose technologies, where experimentation precedes widespread productivity gains.20
Policy Discussion
Policymakers must recognize that maintaining Canada’s competitive standing requires deliberate, differentiated strategies for AI infrastructure, development, and adoption – objectives that demand distinct policy approaches, skill sets, and resources. While the country currently performs respectably in international rankings, declining relative performance across multiple indices signals cause for concern.
There is significant uncertainty in the trend observations within Canada and across countries – from the beginning of 2024 to the present, we have only two observations of business AI adoption and intended use (from the Canadian Survey of Business Conditions). The OECD international comparisons also depend on this singular survey, and the most recent publicly available Canadian data is for 2023. Given the rapid changes to AI adoption and development, and its potential to have significant growth and productivity effects, we have shockingly little information about how AI is being deployed over time. Statistics Canada is ending the Canadian Survey on Business Conditions (CSBC), with the last scheduled release in August 2026. Budget 2025 allocated $25 million over six years and $4.5 million ongoing for Statistics Canada to implement the AI and Technology Measurement Program (TechStat) to support data and insights to measure how AI is used by organizations and understand its impact on Canadians, the labour force, and the economy. There is significant value and need for national statistics agencies to develop a standardized approach to measuring AI adoption to compare rates across countries, sectors, and over time. This expansion in data monitoring of technology adoption will enable social and economic policy research and inform evidence-based policymaking.21
Temporal considerations must also inform policy design. The substantial productivity gains that AI promises remain, by most credible estimates, a decade or more away. Current measurable benefits, while real, derive primarily from infrastructure buildouts and the “replace” phase of technology adoption, wherein AI-enabled tools substitute for existing technologies within established workflows and processes. These incremental improvements, averaging around 17 percent in labour productivity across various studies, represent meaningful but modest gains. The transformative potential of AI will materialize only when industries advance to the “reimagine” phase, restructuring business models, production processes, and organizational architectures around AI capabilities. History suggests this transition requires substantial complementary investments in training, organizational restructuring, and supporting infrastructure – investments whose returns may not register in productivity statistics for years.
Infrastructure and Data
Data centres have near-immediate positive impacts on GDP and employment while they are being built, but then become an input to production themselves, while requiring significant energy inputs and minimal labour.22 This means that government expenditure directed toward AI development and infrastructure faces inherent limitations as an ongoing economic stimulus. This reality does not argue against infrastructure investment, but rather for calibrated expectations about its short and long term macroeconomic impact and for complementary policies that maximize domestic value creation where possible. Infrastructure represents an investment in the foundational inputs that enable AI and future AI development, with direct GDP impacts occurring in the near term. Data centres themselves do not directly contribute to ongoing productivity growth; they increase the total raw computing capacity. How that capacity is used and deployed determines the longer-term growth and productivity impacts.
The government has a significant role to play in developing its own internal capacity for AI development and adoption, as well as ensuring reasonable access to computing and data resources across economic sectors and business sizes (in particular, for non-profit social enterprises and academic research). The latter objective will be achieved through a combination of policies, including direct spending on infrastructure, funding for low-cost and/or targeted borrowing programs to encourage business investment, and accessibility for small, social and non-profit enterprises. In addition, complementary development of open data assets and investment in initiatives that aggregate high-value administrative and public sector data assets while maintaining appropriate privacy and quality controls would enable AI development activities and improve accessibility for smaller- and lower-resource enterprises.23
Since large companies are already making significant investments in AI infrastructure around the globe, government policy should target improving Canada’s attractiveness for that investment and development. For example, in November 2025, the government tabled Bill C-15. It includes accelerated capital cost allowance and expensing measures. The proposed measures are time-limited and include immediate capital cost deductions for certain productivity-enhancing assets.24 In addition to investment, data centres require land, building/permit approvals, and potentially environmental, energy, and Indigenous impact assessments (and the skilled labour to construct them after approvals). Once they are built, they require significant energy resources for ongoing operations.
A comprehensive strategy will require all levels of government to streamline regulatory approvals and, where possible, implement parallel instead of sequential regulatory steps to speed development timelines. Reducing administrative development costs and shortening approval timelines would benefit general economic development, but could take significant time to implement. In the short term, a targeted strategy could involve identifying suitable development sites at the local or regional level and pre-screening them for energy capacity, required environmental impact assessments, and other considerations.
Adoption and Diffusion
Adoption-focused policy, by contrast, may offer marginal immediate benefits but has higher potential to generate productivity growth in the long term.25 The analysis of business intentions to use AI in the future shows that the majority do not think it is currently relevant to their products or services. Further, the limited data available shows AI adoption across industries is slowing and could possibly decline in five industries over the year.
For companies that do think AI could be relevant to their business but do not plan to use AI, the most commonly cited reasons are a lack of knowledge about the technology, concerns about privacy and security, and that the technology is not yet mature enough. Manufacturing and wholesale trade, in particular, show a lower proportion of firms thinking that AI is not relevant to their products/services, and over 10 percent of firms are not planning to use AI due to a lack of skilled labour.
Given the relatively early stage of adoption and development, these barriers provide a target for government policy intervention. In particular, the government has signalled that it plans to update Canada’s privacy legislation for AI, and it should do so sooner rather than later. An updated privacy policy could have the dual benefit of reducing the uncertainty of potential adopters and providing clarity for companies planning to develop AI technologies using Canadian data.26 Similarly, governments have a role to play in increasing AI literacy and knowledge about the technology (see C.D. Howe Institute, forthcoming). Accelerating the adoption and development of AI in Canadian businesses is also supported by various general and specific tax subsidies, including the Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) credit and capital cost allowances discussed above. While employee-training costs are generally tax-deductible, there is a need for a more comprehensive skills investment strategy, particularly in content development and availability for mid-career professionals, with a focus on practical applications. Increasing the labour force capable of implementing AI solutions across different industries is a critical complement to infrastructure investment and to encourage broad adoption and process innovation.
The evidence presented in this analysis shows that adoption in Canada generally follows international patterns – larger and younger firms tend to adopt AI at higher rates. This highlights that targeted policies encouraging technology uptake and growth in small and medium-sized enterprises could speed diffusion across sectors. In addition, it appears that engaging in international trade is associated with higher use of AI, though the intended future use is increasing for companies with no international business activities. In November of 2025, Canada, Australia, and India agreed to enter into a trilateral technology and innovation partnership that includes green energy, resilient supply chains for critical minerals, and the development and mass adoption of AI to improve welfare. Canada should continue to collaboratively secure critical input supply chains and enhance international cooperation on AI development and adoption.
The findings in this Commentary suggest that policies promoting trade diversification and encouraging a broader base of Canadian businesses to engage internationally are interrelated with AI adoption goals. Rather than viewing AI policy in isolation, governments should recognize how existing priorities around business growth, trade promotion, and export development can reinforce technology adoption objectives.
Conclusion
The uncertainty about AI’s development trajectory must be balanced with its potential to be revolutionary and a significant source of ever-elusive productivity growth. The country cannot afford to miss an opportunity that may substantially improve living standards and economic competitiveness over time. On the other hand, the uncertainty surrounding AI’s ultimate productivity impact – credible estimates range from less than 1 percent to 15 percent cumulative GDP gains over the next decade – counsels against excessive concentration of public resources. This suggests a multi-pronged strategic approach that includes investment in infrastructure, enhancing research and development policy,27 and updating privacy legislation. In addition, the government needs to rapidly implement the TechStat initiative to improve monitoring of the diffusion of AI and the associated economic effects. Many policies supporting AI infrastructure, development, and adoption are in the works, while data to monitor their effects is highly limited. The evidence base needs to expand to inform comprehensive and coordinated policy.
Policy should continue to pursue a balanced approach: support for infrastructure development and research capacity to maintain Canada’s standing as a credible AI nation, combined with robust efforts to accelerate adoption across sectors and firm sizes. However, governments should resist the temptation to overemphasize AI at the expense of broader economic priorities.28 Government policy can support AI development and diffusion without direct spending by focusing on a supportive regulatory environment based on principles to manage risk and potential harms, and some stimulus in the form of demand-side policies focusing on potential adopters.29 AI represents one important element of Canada’s productivity agenda, but not its entirety. Maintaining perspective on AI’s current limitations and its uncertain trajectory will help ensure that policy balances risks and limited government resources while remaining responsive to emerging evidence.
The author extends gratitude to Peter MacKenzie, Anindya Sen, Daniel Schwanen, Andrew Sharpe, Tingting Zhang, and several anonymous referees for valuable comments and suggestions. The author retains responsibility for any errors and the views expressed.
Acemoglu, D., and P. Restrepo. 2019. “Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 33(2): 3–30.
Agrawal, A., J. Gans, and A. Goldfarb. 2023. “Similarities and Differences in the Adoption of General Purpose Technologies.” NBER Working Paper 30976.
Blit, J. 2025. Replace, Reimagine, Recombine: Building an AI Nation to Fix Canada’s Productivity Crisis. https://www.uwaterloo.ca/scholar/sites/ca.scholar/files/jblit/files/blit_ai_3rs.pdf
Boussour, L. 2025. “AI-Powered Growth: GenAI as a New Engine of U.S. Economic Performance.” EY Parthenon. November 17. https://www.ey.com/en_us/insights/ai/ai-powered-growth
Brynjolfsson, Erik, Daniel Rock, and Chad Syverson. 2021. “The Productivity J-Curve: How Intangibles Complement General Purpose Technologies.” American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 13(1): 333–372.
Chatterji, Aaron, Thomas Cunningham, David Deming, Zoe Hitzig, Christopher Ong, Carl Yan Shan, and Kevin Wadman. 2025. “How People Use ChatGPT.” NBER Working Paper 34255. September. https://www.nber.org/papers/w34255
Coupé, Tom, and Weilun Wu. 2025. “The Impact of Generative AI on Productivity: Results of an Early Meta-Analysis.” Working Papers in Economics 25/09. University of Canterbury, Department of Economics and Finance. https://ideas.repec.org/p/cbt/econwp/25-09.html
Eloundou, Tyna, Sam Manning, Pamela Mishkin, and Daniel Rock. 2023. “GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models.” arXiv.
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Filippucci, F., P. Gal, K. Laengle, M. Schief, and F. Unsal. 2025. “Opportunities and Risks of Artificial Intelligence for Productivity.” International Productivity Monitor 48. https://www.csls.ca/ipm/48/OECD_Final.pdf
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Heneseke, G., R. Davies, A. Felstead, D. Gallie, F. Green, and Y. Zhou. 2025. “How Exposed Are UK Jobs to Generative AI? Developing and Applying a Novel Task-Based Index.” https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.22748
Maslej, Nestor, Loredana Fattorini, Raymond Perrault, Yolanda Gil, Vanessa Parli, Njenga Kariuki, Emily Capstick, Anka Reuel, Erik Brynjolfsson, John Etchemendy, Katrina Ligett, Terah Lyons, James Manyika, Juan Carlos Niebles, Yoav Shoham, Russell Wald, Tobi Walsh, Armin Hamrah, Lapo Santarlasci, Julia Betts Lotufo, Alexandra Rome, Andrew Shi, and Sukrut Oak. 2025. The AI Index 2025 Annual Report. Stanford, CA: Institute for Human-Centered AI, Stanford University. April.
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OECD.AI. 2026a. Data from Preqin, last updated January 5, 2026. https://oecd.ai/
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OECD/BCG/INSEAD. 2025. The Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Firms: New Evidence for Policymaking. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/f9ef33c3-en
OECD. 2026. ICT Access and Usage Database. January.
Yotzov, Ivan, Jose Maria Barrero, Nicholas Bloom, Philip Bunn, Steven J. Davis, Kevin M. Foster, Aaron Jalca, Brent H. Meyer, Paul Mizen, Michael A. Navarrete, Pawel Smietanka, Gregory Thwaites, and Ben Zhe Wang. 2026. “Firm Data on AI.” NBER Working Paper 34836. https://www.nber.org/papers/w34836
Avril 2026 – Les investissements en IA ont atteint plusieurs centaines de milliards, mais les retombées économiques se font encore attendre. Malgré des investissements rapides et une expérimentation répandue des outils d’IA générative, les gains de productivité mesurables ne se reflètent pas encore clairement dans les données agrégées des économies avancées, ce qui soulève une question importante : qui sera le premier à transformer cette dynamique en gains tangibles?
Dans « From Hype to Output: How AI Investment Translates to Real Productivity Gains » (De l’engouement à la production : comment les investissements dans l’IA se traduisent par de réels gains de productivité), l’auteure Rosalie Wyonch constate que si l’IA offre une voie vers de meilleures performances économiques et pourrait contribuer à relever les défis de productivité auxquels le Canada est confronté depuis longtemps, la concrétisation de ces gains nécessitera des politiques favorisant son adoption et sa diffusion par les entreprises, lesquelles restent inégales dans la plupart des secteurs et des régions. Cela implique notamment de supprimer les obstacles, de garantir l’accès aux données et d’encourager l’intégration de l’IA au sein des entreprises et par tous les secteurs.
A feature about the evolution of AI written and composed by AI.
AI
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an integral part of our daily lives, influencing everything from how we interact with technology to how businesses operate. But where did it all begin? Let’s take a journey through the early days of AI, exploring the key milestones that have shaped this fascinating field.
Today, AI is a rapidly evolving field with applications in various domains, including healthcare, finance, transportation, and entertainment. From virtual assistants like me, Microsoft Copilot, to autonomous vehicles and systems, AI continues to transform our world in profound ways.
A Copilot self generated image when queried “Show me what you look like”. CP
Conclusion
The journey of AI from its early conceptual stages to its current state is a testament to human ingenuity and perseverance. While the field has faced numerous challenges and setbacks, the progress made over the past few decades has been remarkable. As we look to the future, the potential for AI to further revolutionize our lives remains immense.
This article is via friends at share.america.gov. As artificial intelligence fuels a 21st-century industrial revolution, the United States and partner nations are working together to advance technological progress and mutual prosperity.
In December, the U.S. Department of State launched the Pax Silica initiative , inviting countries that are home to advanced technology companies to adopt AI standards and governance models that will foster trusted digital infrastructure and secure supply chains while unleashing the full economic potential of AI.
Pax Silica is a new US and UK and Australia led tech and critical minerals security coalition.
Where is Canada? We have US-adjacent supply chains and vast critical mineral deposits. Why are we missing – as we also are in AUKUS – again?
“This is an economic security coalition built on the reality that our security is inseparable from our technological edge,” Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs Jacob Helberg said of Pax Silica, named for the Latin words for peace and the element central to modern technologies.
So far, 11 countries have signed on to the Pax Silica declaration along with the United States: Australia, Greece, India, Israel, Japan, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Sweden, United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom. Taiwan has endorsed the Pax Silica principles.
Under Secretary of State Jacob Helberg, far left, joins international partners at the Pax Silica Summit in Washington December 12. (State Dept.)
A strategy to lead the AI race
Advancing diplomacy and security around future technologies is a pillar of the Trump administration’s AI strategy, Winning the AI Race: America’s AI Action Plan (PDF, 509KB below). The strategy also aims to build U.S. AI infrastructure and accelerate innovation.
In the 21st century, Helberg says, “power is measured by technology. The ability to design and manufacture critical components … The ability to secure and scale advanced systems. The ability to turn knowledge into production.”
(State Dept./M. Gregory)
Countries that have joined Pax Silica are among those already reaping the benefits of innovation. Since November 2022, when U.S.-based OpenAI released ChatGPT, countries that have now joined Pax Silica have averaged 3% to 4% economic growth , three times that of similarly developed nations, Helberg said in congressional testimony in February.
Opportunity for streamlined access
Pax Silica seeks to ensure signatory nations enjoy the benefits of future progress. The State Department is piloting a “concierge” service to streamline partner nations’ access to American-made AI products — including power, cooling, software and hardware.
In February, the U.S. State Department announced foreign assistance to deliver affordable, high-quality smartphones across the Indo-Pacific. This Edge AI Package will bring AI innovations to millions of people while ensuring future users run trusted operating systems.
“When it comes to AI, we will partner with our friends to ensure they take part in this unprecedented economic boom,” Helberg says.
Pursuant to the desire of the Government of The United States of America and the Government of New Zealand, the countries held a bilateral Space Dialogue in Washington, D.C. on March 23 and on March 26 to strengthen bilateral space cooperation. The Space Dialogue demonstrates the robust and growing cooperation between the United States and New Zealand in outer space.
The U.S. delegation was led by Valda Vikmanis, Director of the Office of Space Affairs of the Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, and by Eric Desautels, Director of the Office of Critical Domains for the Bureau of Emerging Threats. The New Zealand delegation was led by Andrew Johnson, Deputy Head of the New Zealand Space Agency. Chris Seed, New Zealand’s Ambassador to the United States, delivered opening remarks that underscored priorities of strengthening commercial space ties, enhancing space security cooperation, and advancing scientific collaboration. Both delegations included whole-of-government participation.
The participants welcomed the holding of the Dialogue during a period in which the United States and New Zealand share a close cooperation on space which has had mutual benefits for both countries. In October 2024, New Zealand became the third most frequent launcher of orbital rockets, with U.S. headquartered and New Zealand founded company Rocket Lab propelling New Zealand to these new heights.
A significant focus of the Dialogue was the evolving role of the commercial space sector in supporting both economic growth and shared security interests. Discussions covered the changing role of government in enabling commercial activity and the expanding range of applications, with both sides expressing their intent to continue cooperation on spaceflight safety, launch, payloads, science and innovation, and associated technology security measures. Both sides also discussed opportunities for further cooperation to address space-related threats to shared security interests, including military space cooperation and managing the risks to ground-based space infrastructure.
The delegations recognized the potential for expanded cooperation on policy and regulatory interoperability related to commercial space, including space situational awareness, launch and reentry, and commercial remote sensing. They decided to work closely together to address regulatory constraints that hinder effective cooperation, commercial engagement, and mutual benefits.
Participants welcomed the open and productive nature of the Dialogue, which included discussion on space cooperation grounded in the principles of the Artemis Accords, to which New Zealand was an early signatory. Both sides emphasized the importance of promoting peaceful and transparent behavior in outer space.
Participants acknowledged New Zealand’s geographic advantages have enabled frequent and responsive launches for U.S. industry and government agencies, adding strategic resilience to launch capacity. New Zealand’s location has enabled hosting of ground-based space infrastructure to enhance both space situational awareness and communications with spacecraft. The United States noted New Zealand’s recently passed, world‑first legislation on the operation of ground-based space infrastructure, which strengthens its ability to protect New Zealand’s national interests and values.
New Zealand’s growing focus on space security has opened new avenues for cooperation, strengthening the United States and New Zealand partnership and advancing practical efforts to promote stability, resilience, and the responsible use of space.
New Zealand’s Space Scholarships program, where New Zealand funds post graduate students to complete a three-month internship at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California, where they contribute to cutting-edge space technology projects, was acknowledged as a way to create enduring space connections between New Zealand and the United States.
Participants also welcomed the announcement of the first round of joint research projects between New Zealand research institutes and NASA centers, focusing on Earth observation. These projects lay the foundation for future collaborations in other research areas, including potential contributions to the Artemis program following the March 24-25 Ignition events and announcements at NASA headquarters.
Both countries resolved to continue working together in these areas and to explore other opportunities for strengthening bilateral cooperation, including facilitating bilateral commercial connections.
Automotive retail analyst and EV authority Justin Fischer notes early data from CarEdge showing EV sales are trending up, but not yet to the extent that search volume has. Although searches for electric models are up 20% on CarEdge Car Search, the latest data on EV sales suggests that new EV sales are up 18% (excluding direct-to-consumer brands Tesla, Rivian, and Lucid), and used EV sales across all makes and models is up 10%. We’ll have a clearer picture in early April when March sales data arrives.
Data For the Post-Iran War Market
CarEdge estimates new and used car sales in the most recent 45-day window by tracking when listings appear and disappear from dealership websites. With the oil price spike beginning just over two weeks ago, only part of the latest data reflects the post-Iran War market.
This quick turnaround in the EV market comes right after several legacy automakers announced billions of dollars in write downs for failed EV investments. Ford, General Motors, Honda, and others have all canceled models and backtracked on future plans for electrification. One exception is Toyota. Toyota played the long game, having delayed the rollout of their EV lineup until years after the competition. In 2026, Toyota unveiled three new EVs with competitive pricing and specs. Toyota also leads in hybrid sales, and recently made the best-selling RAV4 and Camry exclusively hybrid-powered.
With fuel costs now front of mind for consumers, it looks like yet again Toyota’s corporate strategy was a smart move.
Why does this matter?
These negative headlines and model cancellations create consumer hesitancy. EV shoppers are thinking twice about buying a soon-to-be discontinued electric model. This could benefit the likes of Tesla, Rivian, and Lucid, whose all-EV strategy is seen as a safer alternative. With Tesla’s extensive Supercharger network and Rivian’s launch of the more affordable R2 this spring, we may see a more pronounced bump in sales for these OEMs.
The headlines are full of “surging EV interest” due to the Iran conflict, but there is a massive data gap between search interest and actual showroom sales. While gas prices have shot up nearly $1.00 usd per gallon in a month (37.4 cents cad per liter in a month) , internal data shows that January EV sales were actually down 30% year-over-year. We are at a critical “reinvention cycle” where consumers are weighing $5.00usd/gallon diesel against a new $55,000 usd EV.
Interesting Choices
The Hybrid “First Responders”: Shoppers are flocking to hybrids like the Toyota RAV4 and Honda CR-V first, viewing them as a “hedge” against both gas spikes and EV charging anxiety.
The $2,700 Math: A jump to $4.50/gallon (already a reality in California/Oregon) adds $750 to the annual cost of a standard SUV , effectively wiping out the “savings” of recent gas-vehicle incentives.
The 0% APR Battle: Automakers are currently offering 0% financing on EVs (like the 2026 Tesla Model Y) to prevent inventory from rotting on lots, and how long those deals will last if gas stays high
Used EV “Sweet Spot”: The real surge isn’t in new EVs, but in the used $25,000 market where buyers can actually see an immediate ROI on fuel savings.
When Robert Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket in a farm field in Auburn, Massachusetts, on March 16, 1926, it flew 2.5 seconds and reached only 12 meters (41 feet) in altitude.
The short flight 100 years ago would eventually earn Goddard (1882–1945) recognition as the father of American rocketry. But the significance of his work for space exploration was only fully recognized when the United States began sending astronauts into space in the 1960s and landed the first man on the moon on July 20, 1969.
Robert Goddard is seen in his workshop in Roswell, New Mexico, in October 1935. (NASA)
In the years before his famous launch, Goddard’s theories that liquid-fueled rockets could operate in space and even reach the moon had drawn ridicule, with some mockingly calling him the “moon man.” The Clark University physics professor was secretive about his research and hid the news of his first successful rocket test.
Goddard’s critics argued that rockets needed air for propulsion and so could not operate in the vacuum of space.
Goddard’s first rocket used gasoline and liquid oxygen for propulsion, according to NASA .
Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket on March 16, 1926. (NASA)
While Goddard’s theories made him a controversial figure, they also inspired people to believe in the possibility of space travel, says Michael Neufeld, a retired senior curator at the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum in Washington. The museum holds the largest collection of artifacts from Goddard’s work.
“He does inspire people to assume that space travel is real and the rocket is the way to go,” Neufeld says.
Why Liquid Fuel Was So Innovative
Goddard’s pioneering use of liquid fuel led to more efficient rockets that could lift larger payloads. Notably, the massive Saturn V rocket that took U.S. astronauts to the moon burned liquid fuel.
While the moon landing came years after Goddard’s death, NASA historian Brian Odom says Goddard’s work “proved what we had known in theory to be true in practice … And [that] it could be scalable.”
The launch of NASA’s Apollo 11 mission to the moon led the New York Times, on July 17, 1969, to issue what observers have called , “one of the most famous newspaper corrections in history.”
The paper that once called Goddard’s theories “a severe strain on credulity,” now acknowledged that rockets could operate in the vacuum of space and said, “the Times regrets the error.”
Lockheed Martin continues refining its technology solution for Space Fence, a program that revamps the way the U.S. Air Force & U.S. Space Force identifies and tracks objects in space. The U.S. Air Force selected Lockheed Martin in 2015 to build a $USD 914 million / CAD $1.25 billion Space Fence Radar to Safeguard Space Resources.
Lockheed Martin’s Space Fence solution, an advanced ground-based radar system, enhances the way the U.S. detects catalogs and measures more than 200,000 orbiting objects and tracks over 25,000 orbiting objects. With better timeliness and improved surveillance coverage, the system protects space assets against potential crashes that can intensify the debris problem in space.
“Space Fence locates and track space objects with more precision than ever before to help the Air Force transform space situational awareness from being reactive to predictive.”
Lockheed Martin delivered up to two advanced S-Band phased array radars for the Space Fence program. The Space Fence radar system greatly improves Space Situational Awareness of the existing Space Surveillance Network.
There is a lot to track and growing space debris every year.Construction of the new Space Fence system on Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands began in February 2015 to meet the program’s 2018 initial operational capability goal. With more than 400 operational S-band arrays deployed worldwide, Lockheed Martin is a leader in S-band radar operation. The Lockheed Martin led team, which includes General Dynamics and AMEC, has decades of collective experience in space-related programs.
Headquartered in Bethesda, Maryland, Lockheed Martin is a global security and aerospace company that employs approximately 113,000 people worldwide and is principally engaged in the research, design, development, manufacture, integration and sustainment of advanced technology systems, products and services.
On 16 December 2002, US President George W. Bush signed National Security Presidential Directive which outlined a plan to begin deployment of operational ballistic missile defense systems by 2004.
The following day the US formally requested from the UK and Denmark use of facilities in RAF Fylingdales, England and Thule, Greenland respectively, as a part of the NMD Program.
The administration continued to push the program, despite highly publicized but not unexpected trial-and-error technical failures during development and over the objections of some scientists who opposed it. The projected cost of the program for the years 2004 to 2009 was 53 billion US dollars/ 72.2 billion CAD dollars, making it the largest single line in The Pentagon’s budget. For the Silo, George Filer.
I spent most of yesterday afternoon watching and taking notes from the 86 minute documentary ELEKTRO MOSKVA. This film is so rich and interesting that I found myself sitting in reflection every time I jotted down another intriguing story element…..and believe me there were lots.
Stanislav Kreichi with ANS – world’s first ‘draw sound’ synthesizer.
The film’s official website describes itself like this: “ELEKTRO MOSKVA is an essayistic documentary about the beginnings of the Soviet electronic age and what remained of it- a huge pile of outdated, fascinating devices. Today they are being recycled and reinterpreted by musicians, inventors and traders, who carry that legacy on into an uncertain future. An electronic fairy tale about the inventive spirit of the free mind inside the iron curtain- and beyond.”
An example of everyday Soviet Russia DIY- In 1970 TV’s were readily available but not antennas.
Well all of that is certainly true but I discovered something deeper….. something partially hidden and really only stated at the end of the documentary: A metaphysical connection between electronic instruments, their circuitry and between immortality and rejuvenation. A sort of Frankenstein subplot. And that makes ELEKTRO MOSKVA much more interesting. It lingers and stays with you as all great films and documentaries tend to do.
Leon Theremin
Leon Theremin
Leon Theremin
If the inventor of the world’s first electronic instrument- The Theremin is to believed, his experimentation with electronic instrument designs led to techniques that allowed rejuvenation of human life and the bringing of the dead back to life. Kooky stuff to be sure but in our modern age of DNA manipulation and Stem Cell research shouldn’t we keep our minds open to all biological possibilities? Why is it so obtuse to think that electronic manipulation holds the key to immortality? The brain is after all- a sort of electronic computer. Why else would Russia have kept the body of Lenin whole and entombed for over a hundred years? Perhaps I’m getting ahead of myself- let’s move instead to the birth of Communist Synthesizers.
A Ghost of Communism: The backdrop for the film
It began with the Soviet electrification of the country. Then, as Russian homes and farms became wired, Science and Technical Progress became heralded by the state as ‘the new Gods’. In 1926 Léon Theremin ( Lev Sergeyevich Termen ) invented an early form of television which was adapted for border security use and classified. At the same time, the state decided that technological developments were only considered legit and legal if they strengthened communism.
Alexey Borisov
The long awaited electrical revolution expected by the masses and any notions of new, exciting products in Russian homes became instead a sort of electrified jail and super factory. Then, after Russia had successfully developed nuclear bombs and orbited the first man in space- things changed. A celebration of technical progress and Soviet achievement became politicized through the use of synthetic music and sound. Found out what happened next by watching ELEKTRO MOSKVA online in HD. Highly recommended. For the Silo, Jarrod Barker.
Click me! New Music created from early sci-fi soundtracks incl. Theremin cameos.
From rear wipers on supercars to color-matched air vents and factory ski bags, these are the strangest things you could legitimately spec from Stuttgart.
Rear Window Wiper on the Porsche 911 Turbo
A rear wiper makes sense on a hatchback. On a high-speed, whale-tailed 911 Turbo built for Autobahn runs? Less obvious. Yet since the air-cooled era, buyers have been able to specify a rear window wiper, even on performance-focused variants. In rainy climates, the sloped rear glass of a 911 collects spray quickly, so the option had genuine utility. But visually, the tiny arm perched beneath a towering rear spoiler looks like an afterthought.
356 B Carrera 2 – Rear Windshield Wiper (1968)
It remains one of those details that signals a car was ordered by someone who actually planned to drive it year-round.
Factory Fire Extinguisher in Road Cars
For years, Porsche has offered a factory-mounted fire extinguisher as an option in road-going 911s and Boxsters. Mounted ahead of the passenger seat, it is easily accessible and neatly integrated. For track-day regulars, it made sense. For daily drivers? It was an unusual but confidence-inspiring addition. It’s one of the few strange options that actually reinforces Porsche’s motorsport roots.
PCCB (Porsche Ceramic Composite Brakes) With Yellow Calipers, Even on Non-GT Models
Carbon-ceramic brakes make sense on track-focused cars. But Porsche has allowed buyers to spec its signature yellow calipers on surprisingly comfort-oriented models. The Porsche Cayenne Turbo, for example, could be ordered with massive ceramic brakes designed to withstand extreme heat. In practice, most owners would never approach their limits. It’s less strange technically than contextually: supercar-level hardware fitted to a luxury SUV primarily used for commuting.
The Refrigerator Compartment in the Porsche Panamera
That’s not a portal into an alternate ice-age universe…
When Porsche entered the luxury sedan market, it committed fully. Early Panamera models could be equipped with a refrigerated compartment integrated into the rear center console. This wasn’t a cooler tossed into the trunk; it was a built-in chilled storage unit meant for executive passengers. It signaled Porsche’s attempt to compete directly with high-end German sedans on comfort and prestige. In a brand historically defined by lightweight engineering, a factory mini-fridge feels wonderfully out of character.
Porsche Ski Bag
The good folks at Stuttgart figured owners of Porsches are likely going to need to transport their favorite ski equipment to their favorite slopes in their favorite car. So instead of sending them off to figure out which aftermarket ski bag is best for their particular application, the manufacturer provided the options to purchase a tailor-made ski bag for the specific Porsche vehicle.
The bag itself is well-made, fitted with proper mounting points, and tailored to the interior. It isn’t a generic accessory; it’s a deliberate acknowledgment that some Porsche owners genuinely planned to drive to the mountains.
Carbon Fiber Windshield Wiper Blades
In a move that sounds like caricature but is genuinely real, Porsche now offers lightweight carbon-fiber windshield wipers as a factory option on certain 911 models, including the 2026 Turbo S. These wipers are roughly 50 % lighter than the standard steel units, reducing un-sprung mass and adding a subtle performance benefit while visibly signaling that no surface was too small for carbon fiber.
For about $1,300 usd/ $1,773 cad, the option can be ordered through Porsche Exclusive Manufaktur alongside other carbon elements like roofs, exterior trim, or interior accents. Functionally, they work exactly like normal wipers, clearing rain and debris, but serve as a statement piece: a small detail that underlines how deeply Porsche’s customization programs can go.
The car shopping market is presenting drivers with the same classic dilemma: should you buy new or used? But, there are modern-day considerations as several factors and current events shape this debate, including depreciation trends, interest rates and price shifts in both new and used car markets. Making the right choice requires a close look at your financial situation and ownership goals.
Our friends Zach & Ray Shefska, Co-Founders of CarEdge, offer an easy-to-understand breakdown to help consumers make this all-important decision that will impact them for years to come.
When to Buy New:
You plan to keep the car for 5+ years and want the latest features.
You qualify for low APR financing and want predictable monthly payments.
Manufacturer incentives significantly reduce the cost.
To avoid depreciation altogether, consider leasing a new car.
When to Buy Used:
You want to avoid rapid depreciation and pay less upfront.
You’re willing to shop for 3-5 year-old vehicles in good condition.
You don’t mind driving a car with fewer bells and whistles.
You’re prepared to negotiate a great used car deal.
Here are details on some of the key considerations to help you determine whether buying new, buying used, or leasing makes the most sense for you.
Financing Deals Versus Depreciation Risks
New cars are known for their steep depreciation. A new car can lose 20-30% of its value within the first two to three years of ownership. However, buying new has its advantages, too. Manufacturer incentives are sweetening the deal for buyers with attractive lease offers, low APR financing, and cash incentives that simply aren’t available for used car buyers.
Why Buy New?
Incentives Galore: Automakers are offering competitive promotions to attract buyers, including 0% APR financing and cash-back deals.
Peace of Mind: New cars come with full warranties, the latest safety features, and no concerns about wear and tear from previous owners.
Custom Orders: Buying new allows you to select the exact trim, color, and features you want. However, custom orders can come at an even higher price.
Drawbacks of Buying New:
Higher Initial Cost: Even with incentives, new cars come with higher upfront prices compared to used options.
Depreciation Risk: If you plan to sell your car in less than five years, you’ll likely face a significant financial loss due to depreciation.
If you’re considering a new car but worry about depreciation, leasing may be a better option for you. It allows you to enjoy the benefits of driving new without the financial impact of resale value losses.
Interest Rates Matter – New Cars Have Lower Rates
Interest rates are a defining factor in the new versus used car debate. While borrowing costs remain high, automakers make it easier to finance new cars by offering low APR financing. Used car loans, on the other hand, often come with higher interest rates from banks and credit unions.
Why New Cars Win on Interest Rates:
Lower APR Offers: Many manufacturers are advertising rates as low as 0% APR for new car buyers, helping you save thousands over the life of the loan.
Better Loan Terms: Lenders tend to offer more favorable terms for new cars compared to used, including longer loan periods and lower down payment requirements.
Used car loans typically come with interest rates about 5% higher than those for new vehicles. Over a five-year loan term, this can significantly increase the total cost of financing a used car. If monthly payments are a concern, financing a new car with low APR may actually make more financial sense.
However, NEVER negotiate monthly payments – always negotiate the Out-the-Door Price to avoid add-ons and ripoffs.
New Tools Make Negotiating Easier Than Ever
The days of guessing what to pay for a new car are over. Today, buyers have access to tools that provide insight into dealer pricing, invoice costs, and manufacturer incentives.
How to Save Big When Buying New:
Use Dealer Invoice Pricing: This allows you to see what the dealer pays for the car and giving you leverage in negotiations.
Keep Up With Local Market Trends: Today, any car buyer in America can see the ins and outs of their local car market for each make and model..
Compare Offers Across Dealers: With free online tools, you can easily master the art of negotiating. A big part of this is learning how to effectively cross-shop between dealerships. Always compare prices and incentives from multiple dealerships to ensure you’re getting the best deal.
Leverage Manufacturer Incentives: Research available incentives to maximize your savings before heading to the dealership. We gather the best incentives in one spot for you.
These tools make it easier than ever to negotiate confidently and secure the best deal on a new car. That said, deals can still be hard to come by without the right negotiating tools.
Why Consider Buying Used?
Lower Upfront Costs: Used cars are more affordable than their new counterparts, making them a better choice for budget-conscious buyers. Saving $100 or more on monthly payments over five to six years really adds up!
Avoid Steep Depreciation: Buying a 3-5 year-old used car allows you to avoid the steepest depreciation period, saving you thousands. If you decide to sell in a few years, you won’t feel the heavy depreciation that a new car buyer in a similar situation would experience.
Used Cars Are Negotiable: As competitive new car incentives remain, fewer car shoppers are heading to the used car lots. A slump in demand is good news for those willing to negotiate used car prices.
Challenges of Buying Used:
Higher Interest Rates: As mentioned earlier, used car loans often come with higher APRs, which can offset some of the savings. The average used car loan rate in North America is nearly 14% APR.
Limited Incentives: Unlike new cars, used vehicles don’t come with manufacturer promotions or warranties. However, you can get a fair deal on an extended warranty.
Condition Concerns: Always get a pre-purchase inspection to avoid surprises with hidden issues.
Despite these challenges, buying used is still the go-to option for many drivers who prioritize affordability and don’t mind sacrificing the latest features.
For many car buyers, a 3-5 year-old used car strikes the perfect balance between affordability, reliability, and long-term value. This “sweet spot” in the used car market offers significant benefits that make it a smart choice for budget-conscious drivers who don’t want to sacrifice quality or performance.
Here’s why a 3-5 year-old used car could be the ideal option for you:
Avoid Steep Depreciation – New cars typically lose 30-40% of their value within the first three years, making depreciation one of the biggest hidden costs of buying new.
Lower Upfront Costs – Compared to buying new, 3-5 year-old used cars are significantly more affordable.
Modern Features Without the Premium – A car that’s 3-5 years old still comes equipped with many of the features found in today’s new models, such as advanced safety systems and driver assistance.
Remaining Warranty Coverage (Depending on Mileage) – A 3-5 year-old car is typically well within its prime and often covered by a portion of the manufacturer’s original powertrain warranty. If coverage is about to run out, get an Extended Warranty quote for peace of mind.
Better Financing Options Compared to Older Cars – While interest rates for used car loans are higher than those for new cars, lenders generally offer better rates for late-model used cars compared to older vehicles. This makes financing a 3-5 year-old car more manageable and less risky.
How to get the best of ‘both worlds’
By choosing a 3-5 year-old used car, you get the best of both worlds: modern features at a lower price, and the ability to avoid the financial pitfalls of buying new. It’s a smart compromise for car buyers looking for value and reliability. To ensure you’re making a wise investment, always research market trends, request vehicle history reports, and schedule a pre-purchase inspection before buying any used car.
Founded in 2019 by father-and-son team Ray and Zach Shefska, CarEdge is a leading platform dedicated to empowering car shoppers with free expert advice, in-depth market insights, and tools to navigate every step of the car-buying journey.
Fake Photo? Manipulated Video? How to Spot Sham AI
This to preserve the credibility of digital media and safeguard users from falling victim to scams. As synthetic media becomes more sophisticated, identifying AI-generated manipulations presents a unique challenge, but numerous free apps and toolsare readily available allowing users to validate photo and video authenticity with ease—a major step forward in safeguarding trust in a world increasingly influenced by AI-generated visuals, ensuring transparency and security in the digital age. More below.
How AI Drives Misinformation
Amid the onslaught of highly concerning news headlines spotlighting how deepfake AI-generated photo and video scams are driving rampant misinformation and wreaking havoc across digital, cultural, workplace, political and other societal frameworks, solutions are emerging combat AI-driven misinformation and fraud before people fall victim to scams.
One AI disruptor transforming the fight against AI fraud is BitMind—an AI deepfake detection authority that offers a suite of free apps and tools that instantly identify and flag AI-generated images before you fall victim.
Built by AI Engineers
Built by a team of AI engineers hailing from leading tech companies like Amazon, Poshmark, NEAR, and Ledgersafe, BitMind’s instant detection of deepfakes helps uphold the credibility of the media, guaranteeing the authenticity of the information we use. A strong deepfake detection enhances digital interactions, supports better decision making and strengthens the integrity of the modern digital world—serving to protect reputations, shield finances and maintain trust for celebrities, politicians, public figures … and everyone else.
For both B2C and B2B use, these 5 BitMind tools are free and accessible to anyone:
AI Detector App: A simple web page where users can drag-and-drop suspicious images for fast deepfake detection results;
Chrome Extension: Flags AI-created content in real-time, while browsing.
X Bot: Verifies if images on X/Twitter are real or AI-generated;
Discord Bot: Verifies if images are real or AI-generated via its Discord Integration;
AI or Not Game: Fun Telegram bot that tests your ability to distinguish between AI-generated and human-created images.
“Recognizing the need to integrate deepfake detection into everyday technology use, our applications fit seamlessly into users’ lives,” notes Ken Miyachi, BitMind CEO. “For example, the BitMind Detection App is a user-friendly application that allows individuals to upload images and quickly assess the likelihood of them being real or synthetic. Additionally, the Browser Extension enhances online security by analyzing images on web pages in real time and providing immediate feedback on their authenticity through our subnet validators. These tools are designed to empower users, enabling them to navigate digital spaces with confidence and security.”
As the world’s first decentralized Deepfake Detection System, BitMind is an open-source technology that enables developers to easily integrate the technology into their existing platforms to provide accurate real-time detection of deepfakes.
“Deepfake technology has emerged as both a marvel and a menace,” continued Miyachi. “With the capacity to create synthetic media that closely mimics reality, deepfakes present unprecedented challenges in privacy, security, and information integrity. Responding to these challenges, we introduced the BitMind Subnet, a breakthrough on the Bittensor network, dedicated to the detection and mitigation of deepfakes.”
According to Miyachi, here are key reasons why BitMind technology is a game changer:
The BitMind Subnet, which represents a pivotal advancement in the fight against AI-generated misinformation. Operating on a decentralized AI platform, this deepfake detection system employs sophisticated AI models to accurately distinguish between real and manipulated content. This not only enhances the security of digital media but also preserves the essential trust in digital interactions.
The BitMind Subnet is equipped with advanced detection algorithms that utilize both generative and discriminative AI technologies to provide a robust mechanism for identifying deepfakes.
BitMind employs cutting-edge techniques, including Neighborhood Pixel Relationships, ensuring competitive accuracy in detection. The operation of the subnet is decentralized, with miners across the network running binary classifiers. This setup ensures that the detection processes are widespread and not confined to any centralized repository, enhancing both the reliability and integrity of the detection results.
Community collaboration is a cornerstone of the BitMind Subnet, actively encouraging the community to contribute to our evolving codebase, and by engaging with developers and researchers, the subnet is continuously improved and updated with the latest advancements in AI.
BitMind combines its extensive industry expertise, cutting-edge academic research, and a deep passion for technology. The team has a proven track record in AI, blockchain, and systems architecture, successfully leading tech projects and founding innovative companies.
What truly sets BitMind apart is their commitment to creating a safer, more transparent digital world where AI benefits humanity, driven by their passion for innovation, security and community engagement. Their technologies are expressly designed to safeguard the integrity of digital media and foster a trustworthy digital ecosystem.
In the modern world full of fake news and increasing cyber threats, BitMind’s innovations are paving the way for a future in which digital trust is not an option, but a necessity. As the threats increase, the global community must be equipped with the means to ingest digital information in a reliable and authentic in order to realize AI’s true potential safely and efficiently. For the Silo, Marsha Zorn.
Whether it’s a cozy Valentine’s Day post-coital cuddle or the serene satisfaction following a solo session, the afterglow is that unmistakable halo of happiness we carry long after the climax. Far from being a fleeting sensation, the afterglow is a scientifically grounded phenomenon driven by hormones and emotional connectivity.
Our friends at LELO share everything you need to know about the science of the afterglow and why it deserves a central place in the conversation about pleasure, intimacy, and well-being.
The afterglow is the warm, contented feeling that lingers after sexual activity or orgasm. It’s that magical moment when you feel deeply connected to your partner or yourself. This glowing sensation can last minutes, hours, or even days, influencing how you approach your relationships, work, and personal life with a rejuvenated sense of calm and joy.
The Science Behind the Glow
Orgasm triggers the release of a powerful cocktail of hormones. Oxytocin, often called the “love hormone,” strengthens trust and bonding, especially during partnered intimacy. Dopamine delivers an intense rush of pleasure, while serotonin enhances relaxation and happiness. These hormones are universal, playing the same role whether the experience is shared with a partner or savored solo.
The parasympathetic nervous system also kicks in post-orgasm, reducing stress and fostering a profound sense of well-being. This physiological response underscores that pleasure isn’t just about feeling good in the moment; it’s about nurturing your mind and body in meaningful ways.
The Benefits of the Afterglow
Numerous studies show that the effects of post-orgasmic bliss can persist for up to 48 hours. During this time, the afterglow fosters emotional connection in relationships, boosts mood, and even strengthens immune function. It can also enhance self-esteem, helping you approach your day with confidence and optimism.
Partnered Pleasure
In relationships, the afterglow is an emotional glue, reinforcing bonds and increasing satisfaction. By prolonging this shared connection, couples can navigate conflicts more effectively and deepen their intimacy. The key is to be present and savor the moment together through touch, eye contact, or quiet conversation.
Solo Afterglow
Self-pleasure offers the same hormonal and emotional rewards as partnered sex, making it a powerful form of self-care. Beyond physical release, it’s an act of self-discovery and affirmation, promoting body positivity and emotional recharge. The afterglow from solo sessions is a reminder that connecting with yourself is just as vital as connecting with others.
Extending The Glow
To fully savor the magic of the afterglow, consider these tips:
Extend the Glow: Take a slow, mindful approach to aftercare. A shared bath, journaling about your experience, or meditative breathing can amplify the benefits.
The afterglow is more than a momentary sensation; it’s a testament to the beauty of connection, intimacy, and self-awareness. By leaning into these moments, you embrace the joy of pleasure and unlock a deeper understanding of your emotional and physical needs.
So, next time you bask in that warm, lingering glow, let it remind you of the transformative power of pleasure to nourish your body, mind, and soul. Stay glowing 🙂
Prioritize Connection: For couples, linger in the moment by sharing a cuddle, eye contact, or a few whispered words. For solo sessions, take time to appreciate your body and the joy it brings.
Set the Scene: Create an environment that invites relaxation. Soft lighting, calming music, or a warm blanket can extend the moment’s serenity.
Practice Gratitude: Whether with a partner or alone, reflect on the experience and express gratitude – for your body, your partner, or simply the pleasure itself. For the Silo, Emilie Melloni Quemar/ Lelo.
About LELO LELO is not “just a sex toy brand”; it’s a self-care movement aimed at those who know that satisfaction transcends gender, sexual orientation, race, and age. We’re offering the experience of ecstasy without shame, the pleasure of discovering all the wonders of one’s body, thus facilitating our customers with confidence, that leads to a fulfilled intimate life. LELOi AB is the Swedish company behind LELO, where offices extend from Stockholm to San Jose, from Sydney to Shanghai
Moltbook, an AI-exclusive social media platform launched just days ago and dubbed the “Reddit for AI agents,” has exploded in popularity online. Within its first week, Moltbook attracted over 1.5 million registered AI agents and more than a million human spectators watching the agents interact with each other, sparking countless posts across human social networks.
The project originated with OpenClaw, an open-source AI agent created by Peter Steinberger that runs locally on a user’s machine. The software allows bots to use a computer and internet services just as a human would. Building on this, entrepreneur Matt Schlicht developed his own OpenClaw agent, named Clawd Clawderberg, and tasked it with coding, moderating, and managing the entire Moltbook platform. Now most moltbots on the platform run on OpenClaw.
Vulnerability of Moltbook
Cybersecurity professionals warn that this setup is terribly insecure and creates massive security vulnerabilities. However, most agree that it’s impossible to suppress public curiosity and discourage experimentation. Instead, they are calling for caution and offering some safety tips.
Karolis Arbaciauskas, head of product at the cybersecurity company NordPass, comments:
“Moltbook and OpenClaw have attracted tech-savvy tinkerers with unprecedented opportunities for experimentation because these tools have virtually no built-in security restrictions but have broad access to users’ computers, apps, and accounts. For example, you can connect to your OpenClaw bot through a messaging app to interact with it while you’re away. It can remember your conversations, read and write files on your computer, browse the web, build applications, and even consult other bots on Moltbook for advice on how to do it best.”
Curiosity Killed The Cat
“While it’s exciting and curious to see what an AI agent can do without any security guardrails, this level of access is also extremely insecure. Therefore, please run Moltbook and your personal bots only in secure, isolated environments.
“Do not give your AI agents access to your real accounts. Instead, create disposable alternatives for them to use. Do not let them use your main browser, especially if you store passwords on it. You should also be cautious with enabling autofill because it creates the risk of the agent having permanent remote access to your credentials. If you want an agent to build something autonomously and anticipate it may need to purchase software or rent server space, link it to a disposable payment card.
“Avoid running Moltbook or OpenClaw agents on your personal or work computers. These AI agents are unpredictable and highly vulnerable to prompt injection attacks. This means if your agent processes an email, document, or webpage containing a hidden malicious instruction, it will likely execute that command in addition to its original task. For example, it could be instructed to send all the credentials, personal data, and payment card information it has access to directly to an attacker.
“The risk isn’t limited to hackers with malicious intent. AI agents could leak users’ data unintentionally. And this is just the tip of the iceberg. Cybersecurity researchers have already identified critical flaws in Moltbook, including an unsecured database that could allow unauthorized users to take control of any AI agent on the site.
Launching Bots That Con?
“It would not be surprising if threat actors, trolls, and scammers have already found their way onto Moltbook and launched bots tasked with conning other AI agents into cryptocurrency schemes or luring them into hidden prompt injections.
“That’s why it is best to buy a separate, dedicated machine and use disposable accounts for any experimentation. It is also advisable to use encryption and a private mesh network as well as to try to harden your bot against prompt injections.”
Happiness…..I popped the pink pill into my mouth and waited for the expected feelings of ecstasy. No, the pill wasn’t the drug XTC, but rather a legal and safe “hacking” alternative. Then I put on my trans-cranial stimulation device, known as “The Thync,” and waited to see what happened. Wow! After five minutes, it felt like my brain was flooding me with endorphins. Finally, I placed the scalp stimulator known as the Tingler on my head. When I did this, an orgasmic wave of intense pleasure rippled through my entire body.
After a few minutes of this euphoria, I took off the devices and went about my day. Having just been catapulted into sweet ecstasy, my day became both incredibly productive and happy.
This is not a future scenario.
This is how I like to start my mornings. Nowadays, there are new and improved ways to feel good-even ecstatic-that most people don’t know anything about. In an age when depression is rampant and dangerous drug use is epidemic, amazing new ways to feel peaceful, euphoric, and just plain happy are popping up all over the place. However, people miss out on these amazing methods because they simply don’t know about them. From safe drugs to “happy apps,” to high tech brain stimulation devices, a whole new world of ways to feel good is blossoming.
We live in an age where everything is shifting and accelerating. Yet, most people still pursue an ancient path for finding happiness. Their formula for being happy is to try to control all the external events and people in their lives to be exactly the way they want. This is a tiresome activity at best, and there are always some events and people that we can’t control. However, there is a new model for finding more joy and peace of mind: find it within your self. Of course, this is a not a new idea. Everyone from the Buddha to Jesus has said that heaven can be found within, but now there are cutting edge and more efficient ways to tap into this magical inner kingdom.
As invited to talk to Google employees about “The Future of Happiness.” I described new ways to control their minds and emotions that were more effective than trying to be happy by controlling all the events in their life. The reaction was intense. Everyone wanted to know what some of these innovative ways to “hack happiness” were, and how they could get them. That led me to write a book on the subject.
In my research I learned that different things work for different people.
For example, there are a lot of supplements known as “cognitive enhancers” that can dramatically increase your focus, energy, and mood. Yet, you have to try out many of them in order to find the one or two that really rock your world. I also learned that people define happiness in unique ways. Some people want a gadget that increases their pleasure, while other folks want a tool that improves their relationships or makes them feel totally peaceful.
Gary Numan “Complex” from The Pleasure Principle
As with all technologies, “inner” tech keeps getting better. In fact, some of them are so good that it’s possible to get addicted to them. Ultimately, one has to discern whether a given gadget is truly a friend that helps them find the joy within–or is just another WMD-Widget of Mass Distraction. Since there are many tools that do different things, there’s no simple answer as to whether something is beneficial to you.
For example, people become addicted and dependent on coffee. Yet, on the other hand, caffeine can prevent many types of cancer, and helps people feel good and be productive. So, is coffee a “good” thing? It’s up to you to decide…
In my own case, I decide if a specific technology is truly my friend by asking myself two questions. First I ask myself, “Does this tool lead me to being dependent on it?” It’s always better when technology acts like “training wheels” on a bike-meaning that the tool exists so that you can eventually do without it. If instead a gadget fosters a sense of dependence, then that’s a warning sign it may ultimately not be worth it.
The second question is, “Does this technology help teach me how to better connect with a sense of peace, love, or joy within?” Even the Dalai Lama has reportedly said that if there were a pill that duplicated Buddha’s awakening, he would take it immediately and prescribe it for all living beings. If a tool helps me learn how to get to a more peaceful, loving place more efficiently, I think that’s a good thing.
It’s hard to say exactly what the future holds, though Steve Jobs was seemingly pretty good at predicting it. In 1972 I had the unusual opportunity to be in a computer class with Steve Jobs. Of course, at the time he was just a nerdy teen and I was four years his junior. He and I would vie to play Tic-tac-toe on a 500 pound “computer” that our High School had recently purchased. Steve was obsessed with this machine. One day I asked Steve why he was so fixated on this refrigerator sized computer. He turned to me and said in an intense manner, “Don’t you see? This machine is going to change everything! It’s going to change the world!”
It turns out Steve Jobs was right.
Well, nowadays it may not seem like the latest brain supplement, neuro-stimulator, or mood enhancing app is going to change the world, but technology has a way of discreetly slipping into our lives. This “technology of joy” will only accelerate until the entire way we pursue happiness is transformed in the next few years. I’ve seen that when people try out enough of these new gadgets, apps, and supplements, they inevitably find something that feels good–and is even good for them. When that happens, their lives are never the same. For the Silo,Jonathan Robinson.
Amazon’s move into online car listings through Amazon Autos in 2024 has been widely framed as a breakthrough for consumers. But, for buyers considering this new option, the real story is more nuanced. While the platform offers a familiar, streamlined shopping experience and no-haggle pricing, it does not eliminate dealerships, negotiations behind the scenes, or the traditional profit structures that shape car pricing.
A quick heads up fellow Canucks- Amazon Autos is not yet available in Canada but plans are in place for expansion so stay tuned.
Trade Offs
As more North Americans explore buying a vehicle through alternative means including Amazon, experts say the key question isn’t whether it’s easier, but whether shoppers understand the trade-offs they’re making. Knowing the pros, the cons, and the fine print can be the difference between convenience and costly compromise.
What Works, What Doesn’t, and What to Watch For When Buying a Car on Amazon
Is It A True Breakthrough?
Amazon’s move into online car listings through Amazon Autos has been widely framed as a breakthrough for consumers. But, for buyers considering this new option, the real story is more nuanced. While the platform offers a familiar, streamlined shopping experience and no-haggle pricing, it does not eliminate dealerships, negotiations behind the scenes, or the traditional profit structures that shape car pricing. As more Americans explore buying a vehicle through Amazon, experts say the key question isn’t whether it’s easier, but whether shoppers understand the trade-offs they’re making. Knowing the pros, the cons, and the fine print can be the difference between convenience and costly compromise.
Amazon Autos, has generated headlines over the past year for a number of reasons. Some heralded the launch as a true game changer in the car market. But in reality, buying a car on Amazon is not all that different from buying a car the old fashioned way.
Participating automakers (like Hyundai) or dealers (like rental car giant Hertz) can now list their inventory on Amazon. But make no mistake: you’re still buying from a dealer. Amazon Autos is only acting as an online marketplace for cars, meaning that the cars you see listed are only there because traditional car dealers listed their inventory on the platform. Amazon is just making online car shopping feel like the Amazon experience that nearly 200 million Americans are familiar with.
There are pros and cons of buying a car on Amazon.
Amazon advertises no-haggle pricing, but there’s something crucial that most shoppers overlook: that rarely means you’re truly getting the best price possible. No-haggle pricing is crafted by dealers to ensure healthy profit margins on their end, while making consumers feel relieved that they don’t have to deal with unpleasant negotiations or salespeople. The truth is, buying the actual vehicle still takes place at a dealership. There are still salespeople involved. It can still be inconvenient or uncomfortable.
Dealers are thrilled with the assumption that pricing is already agreed upon before the customer even arrives. Remember, dealers have plenty of profit in the form of holdbacks, manufacturer-to-dealer cash, and even volume bonuses. That’s not to mention more money for them if you finance with them, or purchase an extended warranty or other add-on.
All of this means that you’re much more likely to overpay than if you were to go your own way and negotiate confidently.
In summary, when you buy a new or used car on Amazon, you’re still buying through a traditional dealership. Amazon doesn’t hold any of the inventory you see online, they’re merely adding the online Amazon experience many consumers are familiar with to online car shopping. In most cases, that means trading competitive pricing for convenience.
For some, that may be a compromise you’re willing to make in order to skip the haggling process. But it’s important to know that you’re limiting your ability to land a great deal when you forfeit your chance to negotiate car pricing.
Research Required
To best ensure you’re not leaving money on the table, thoroughly research the car market. Always research demand factors for the cars you’re interested in. Are you shopping for a car that’s less popular than the hottest sellers on the market? Does it sell slower than the market average in your area? If so, you’re much more likely to overpay with ‘no-haggle pricing’. Find inventory that has been sitting on the dealership lot the longest. Those are the cars that dealers are motivated to sell at a discount.
For the Silo, Justin Fischer.
Justin Fischer is an automotive retail analyst and consumer advocate at CarEdge, a leading consumer platform dedicated to empowering car shoppers to make confident, informed and financially savvy decisions.
Modern conveniences many take for granted — cell phones, laptops, GPS devices, even coffee makers — run on computer chips introduced by U.S. firms that established America’s leading role in technology. Trace the digital revolution, from its beginnings to the present day, with each groundbreaking advance.
How did these gains happen? Today’s technology emerged from U.S. support for research and development combined with America’s robust private sector, its scientific community, and its innovative spirit.
Bell Labs, a legendary research hub in New Jersey, began as a branch of the Western Electric Company, a subsidiary of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T).
Founded in 1925 to meet a growing need for masscommunications, Bell Labs hired top engineers, physicists, chemists, and mathematicians to design and patent equipment (including a high-vacuum tube that transmitted telephone signals across North America).
Bell Labs encouraged interdisciplinary collaboration that produced groundbreaking discoveries. The labs were driven by scientific curiosity, flexible deadlines, and — thanks to AT&T’s budget — stable funding. Lab directors adopted a hands-off management style, and innovation flourished.
DID YOU KNOW?
In 1932, Bell Labs physicist Karl Jansky discovered radio waves coming from outer space. He’s known as the father of radio astronomy.
In the post-World War II period, Bell Labs’ Mervin Kelly assembled an all-star team of scientists to develop a replacement for the vacuum tube, which was bulky, fragile, and prone to burning out.
In 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain — supervised by fellow physicist William Shockley — invented the point-contact transistor, a semiconductor device that amplifies sound and switches electrical currents on and off.
In 1948, Shockley designed the junction transistor, a more robust and reliable transistor. Its small size, low power consumption, and durability paved the way for computers, portable radios, cell phones, and other devices.
Eight years later, Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley would be awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for this breakthrough.
DID YOU KNOW?
Bell Labs researchers have been awarded 10 Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry, spanning from 1937 to 2023. While Bell Labs was at its most productive from the 1940s to the 1970s, important research continues today at its New Jersey headquarters.
Bell Labs continued to improve transistor technology during the 1950s, developing the silicon transistor and the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET).
The MOSFET proved crucial for building high-density integrated circuits (ICs), or microchips, in the 1960s. Microchips — consisting of billions of tiny transistors crafted from semiconductor materials, commonly silicon — work together to power electronics.
Recognizing the potential for widespread impact and profits, Bell Labs created licensing agreements to share transistor technology with other companies.
In 1955, William Shockley left Bell Labs to establish Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in Mountain View, California. Within a couple of years, some of his employees — engineers and scientists — formed their own company, Fairchild Semiconductor.
Fairchild is credited with the birth of Silicon Valley. The company became a major player in the growing semiconductor industry, and many Silicon Valley firms — including Intel (founded in 1968) and Apple (in 1976) — have ties to Fairchild alumni to this day.
As demand for semiconductors grew, so did the need for manufacturing capabilities.
Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan became players in the industry, with Japanese companies like Toshiba and NEC influencing the data-storage market and South Korea’s Samsung and SK Hynix focusing on memory-chip production.
Meanwhile, the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) upended a traditional business model of integrating chip design and manufacturing. It introduced the fabless-foundry model, encouraging firms to specialize in either design (fabless) or fabrication/manufacturing (foundry).
This increased efficiency. What’s more, it allowed many small firms — those lacking resources to open manufacturing plants — to design chips.
DID YOU KNOW?
The fabless-foundry business model democratized chip production, allowing startups to enter the market without the need for expensive manufacturing facilities.
Experts predict that quantum computing — with its ability to accelerate AI by overcoming limitations on data size, complexity, and processing speeds — will shape the future.
Quantum AI will develop algorithms that could advance pharmaceutical discoveries, predict financial outcomes, improve manufacturing, and bolster cybersecurity. Quantum/AI partnerships already comprise an active and developing market, with U.S. tech giants like IBM and Nvidia investing in both domains.
Industry leaders point to many factors that shape U.S. technological innovation. One such factor is the U.S. system of intellectual property protection, which fosters the spirit of risk-taking, says Walter Copan. (That system is enshrined in the U.S. Constitution, thanks to the foresight of America’s Founding Fathers.)
Sanjay Mehrotra cites the U.S. business culture of “openly, freely being able to debate ideas,” adding, “The best ideas win.”
Thomas Caulfield says, “This is where you can work hard, live your dream, become an entrepreneur, start a company.”
And Jon Gertner notes that key people at Bell Labs came from humble beginnings: “To me, that feels uniquely American — the idea that talent could rise from almost anywhere and shape the future of communications.”
It’s part of Silicon Valley lore that massive tech empires often sprouted from humble roots. As quantum computing and AI herald the next seismic shifts in technology, innovation hubs could emerge in unlikely places. Who knows? The next great U.S. tech companies might now be incubating in a town anywhere in America.
Ottawa’s forthcoming AI strategy needs to walk a tightrope between two equally important principles: safeguarding Canadians from possible misuses of AI but also giving our private and academic sectors the leeway to use Canada’s AI strengths to develop and commercialize new technologies and products.
Planned AI adoption rose sharply between Q3 2024 and Q3 2025, but progress remains highly uneven across industries. Knowledge-intensive sectors – such as information and cultural industries, finance and insurance, and healthcare – show the strongest gains, while several goods-producing and operational sectors, including manufacturing, wholesale trade, and mining, show stagnant or declining expectations.
The federal government must clearly define a framework for responsible, widespread AI innovation – one that encourages beneficial development and adoption while setting firm expectations about the harms innovators must avoid.
Canada’s competition reforms must keep pace with data-driven business models by empowering authorities with modern tools to detect, assess, and stop conduct that genuinely harms competition, innovation, or consumers.
The explosive growth of online shopping is reshaping Canadian retail by empowering consumers with unprecedented choice, driving omnichannel innovation, and intensifying competition.
MGO, a glucose metabolite, can temporarily destroy the BRCA2 protein, reducing its levels in cells and inhibiting its tumor-preventing ability.
Via friends at epochtimes. You may have heard that sugar feeds cancer cells, and evidence supports that. However, the missing link in this narrative has been a thorough understanding of just “how” sugar feeds cancer—until now. A study from 2024 published in Cell in April uncovered a new mechanism linking uncontrolled blood sugar and poor diet with cancer risk.
The research, performed at the National University of Singapore’s Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, and led by professor Ashok Venkitaraman and Li Ren Kong, a senior research fellow at the University of Singapore, found a chemical released when the body breaks down sugar also suppresses a gene expression that prevents the formation of tumors.
This discovery provides valuable insights into how one’s dietary habits can impact their risk of developing cancer and forges a clear path to understanding how to reverse that risk with food choices.
Methylglyoxal–A Temporary Off Switch
It was previously believed that cancer-preventing genes must be permanently deactivated before malignant tumors can form. However, this recent discovery suggests that a chemical, methylglyoxal (MGO), released whenever the body breaks down glucose, can temporarily switch off cancer-protecting mechanisms.
Mr. Kong, first author of the study, stated in a recent email: “It has been shown that diabetic and obese individuals have a higher risk of cancer, posing as a significant societal risk. Yet, the exact cause remains debatable.
“Our study now unearthed a clue that may explain the connection between cancer risk and diet, as well as common diseases like diabetes, which arise from poor diets.
“We found that an endogenously synthesized metabolite can cause faults in our DNA that are early warning signs of cancer development, by inhibiting a cancer-preventing gene (known as the BRCA2).”
BRCA2 is a gene that repairs DNA and helps make a protein that suppresses tumor growth and cancer cell proliferation. A BRCA2 gene mutation is associated primarily with a higher risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers, as well as other cancers. Those with a faulty copy of the BRCA2 gene are particularly susceptible to DNA damage from MGO.
However, the study showed that those without a predisposition to cancer also face an increased risk of developing the disease from elevated MGO levels. The study found that chronically elevated levels of blood sugar can result in a compounded increase in cancer risk.
“This study showcases the impact of methylglyoxal in inhibiting the function of tumour suppressor, such as BRCA2, suggesting that repeated episodes of poor diet or uncontrolled diabetes can ‘add up’ over time to increase cancer risk,” Mr. Kong wrote.
The Methylglyoxal and Cancer Relationship
MGO is a metabolite of glucose—a byproduct made when our cells break down sugar, mainly glucose and fructose, to create energy. MGO is capable of temporarily destroying the BRCA2 protein, leading to lower levels of the protein in the cells and thus inhibiting its ability to prevent tumor formation. The more sugar your body needs to break down, the higher the levels of this chemical, and the higher your risk of developing malignant tumors.
“Accumulation of methylglyoxal is found in cancer cells undergoing active metabolism,“ Mr. Kong said. ”People whose diet is poor may also experience higher than normal levels of methylglyoxal. The connection we unearthed may help to explain why diabetes, obesity, or poor diet can heighten cancer risk.”
MGO is challenging to measure on its own. Early detection of elevated levels is possible with a routine HbA1C blood test that measures your average blood sugar levels over the past two to three months and is typically used to diagnose diabetes. This new research may provide a mechanism for detecting early warning signs of developing cancer.
“In patients with prediabetes/diabetes, high methylglyoxal levels can usually be controlled with diet, exercise and/or medicines. We are aiming to propose the same for families with high risk of cancers, such as those with BRCA2 mutation,” Mr. Kong said.
More research is needed, but the study’s findings may open the door to new methods of mitigating cancer risk.
“It is important to take note that our work was carried out in cellular models, not in patients, so it would be premature to give specific advice to reduce risk on this basis. However, the new knowledge from our study could influence the directions of future research in this area, and eventually have implications for cancer prevention,” he said.
“For instance, poor diets rich in sugar or refined carbohydrates are known to cause blood glucose levels to spike. We are now looking at larger cancer cohorts to connect these dots.”
The Diet and Cancer Connection
Dr. Graham Simpson, medical director of Opt Health, stated in an email: “It’s genes loading the gun, but your lifestyle that pulls the trigger. Every bite of food you take is really information. It’s either going to turn on your longevity genes or it’s going to turn on your killer genes. So cancer is very much in large part self-induced by the individual diet.”
A 2018 study published by Cambridge University Press found an association between higher intakes of sugar-sweetened soft drinks and an increased risk of obesity-related cancers. Research published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 2020 concluded that sugars may be a risk factor for cancer, breast cancer in particular. Cancer cells are ravenous for sugar, consuming it at a rate 200 times that of normal cells.
Healthy Dietary Choices for Reducing Cancer Risk
A consensus on the best dietary approach for reducing cancer risk has yet to be determined, and further research is needed. However, the new findings of the Cell study on MGO support reducing sugar intake as a means to mitigate cancer risk. A study published in January in Diabetes & Metabolism shows that a Mediterranean diet style of eating may help reduce MGO levels.
In 2023, a study published in Cell determined that a ketogenic diet may be an effective nutritional intervention for cancer patients as it helped slow the growth of cancer cells in mice—while a review published in JAMA Oncology in 2022 found that the current evidence available supports a plant-enriched diet for reducing cancer risk.
Dr. Simpson stressed the importance of real food and healthy macronutrients with a low-carb intake for the health of our cells. “The mitochondria is the most important signaling molecule and energy-producing organelle that we have in our body. [Eat] lots of vegetables, healthy proteins, and healthy fats, fish, eggs, yogurt,” he said.
“Lots of green, above-ground vegetables, some fruits, everything that is naturally grown and is not processed.” For the Silo, Jennifer Sweenie.
Inaugural U.S.-Africa Technical and Regulatory Space Training Meeting
December, 2025. Senior Bureau Official (SBO) in the Bureau of African Affairs Ambassador Jonathan Pratt convened today’s U.S.-Africa Technical and Regulatory Space Training Meeting, the first in a series of technical and regulatory trainings in the leadup to the NewSpace Africa Conference April 20-23, 2026 in Libreville, Gabon.
SBO Pratt conveyed that the United States aims to empower African nations to create locally owned, financially sound, and internationally-aligned space programs – not dependent, opaque, or controlled by outside actors.
This meeting represented the first step in the United States deepening space diplomacy on the African continent, now with more than 60 satellites in orbit. Representatives agreed to work more closely together to advance responsible exploration in space and collaborate transparently and openly.
Participating in the meeting were representatives from the following African space agencies: Senegal, Angola, Mauritius, Djibouti, Nigeria, Kenya, Botswana, Gabon, Ethiopia, Namibia, Rwanda, and Egypt. The meeting also included representatives from the Department of War, Department of Commerce, and the Federal Communications Commission.
Supplemental
With a total of 13 satellites each, South Africa and Egypt have the largest number of satellites in orbit in Africa, while Nigeria also launched a total of seven satellites, according to a report by Statista.
Take a look at the list of African countries with the most satellites in orbit as of August 2024:
country
number of satellites
South Africa
13
Egypt
13
Nigeria
7
Algeria
6
Morocco
3
Since the statistics were published, Morocco launched two more nanosatellites, bringing the total number of satellites to five.
The report also noted that 12 other African countries had satellites in space, namely Kenya, Angola, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Djibouti, Ghana, Mauritius, Senegal, Tunisia, Sudan, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.
South Africa was the first country on the continent to build and launch a satellite, called SUNSAT-1, in 1998.
The first outing of the European lunar rover MONA LUNA reflects the collective work of Venturi Space’s three sites. Monaco, Switzerland and France worked hand‑in‑hand to design, develop, assemble and test the rover.
Weighing 750 kg (extendable to 1,000 kg), MONA LUNA will serve two primary objectives: to explore the lunar surface and to test critical technologies for sustainable lunar mobility. Thanks to its four wheel‑drive and four‑wheel steering system, along with passive‑damping suspension, MONA LUNA climbed and descended slopes of up to 33 degrees, exceeding initial expectations. The first results confirm the rover’s potential: The contact area of the hyper‑deformable wheels is exceptional, both on loose soil and rolling terrain.
This confirms the findings of intensive tests carried out at NASA between 2022 and 2025,Traction exceeds forecasts, Large rocky obstacles are crossed effortlessly, Dynamic stability on slopes meets programme requirements, The onboard electronic systems demonstrated excellent operational performance. Designed to support the ambitions of the European Space Agency (ESA) and France’s Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES), MONA LUNA already incorporates technologies that will operate on the Moon next summer — but on board another rover: FLIP. This vehicle will be equipped with the same hyper‑deformable wheels, batteries, heating systems and temperature sensors as the European rover. FLIP is developed by the North American company Venturi Astrolab, Venturi Space’s strategic partner. FLIP will also benefit from another innovative technology developed by Venturi Space: the mechanical system enabling the rover to exit the lunar lander.
Another shared feature between MONA LUNA and FLIP is their bodywork, designed by Sacha Lakic.In parallel with the MONA LUNA development programme, Venturi Space continues to expand its industrial ecosystem and will lay the first stone of its flagship facility next spring: a site of more than 10,000 m² in Toulouse, just steps away from the Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES). It is here that, in the first half of 2028, 150 engineers will work on the design and manufacturing of MONA LUNA, in close collaboration with the Swiss and Monegasque entities responsible for the hyper‑deformable wheels, heating systems, cryogenic materials, the rover‑lander egress system, and the high‑performance batteries.
Quotes Daniel Neuenschwander, Director of Human and Robotic Exploration at the ESA: “I was truly impressed by the way MONA LUNA handled LUNA’s challenging terrain. Watching its wheels deform and adapt to the regolith, slopes and rocks… it is remarkable. If MONA LUNA were to be selected for one of our missions, it would be a tremendous opportunity for Europe.”
Gildo Pastor, President of Venturi Space: “Seeing MONA LUNA operate on the legendary LUNA site is a profound source of pride. This rover demonstrates the performance of our wheels, our suspension systems, our electronics… and therefore the quality of the work achieved by all our teams in Toulouse, Monaco and Switzerland. We know we have only completed 1% of the journey that, I hope, will take us to the Moon.”
Dr. Antonio Delfino, Director of Space Affairs at Venturi Space: “These driving tests were primarily dedicated to locomotion. We wanted to understand how MONA LUNA behaves on loose soil, on slopes and when facing significant obstacles. The results exceed our expectations. The ability of these wheels to ‘float’ on the surface is essential to avoid becoming bogged down in lunar regolith.”
The tiny home sector is big on innovation as exemplified by a new crop of amazing Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU) designs across the U.S. and Canada showcasing state-of-the-art architectural and interior features, thoughtful layouts and stunning aesthetics that redefine what’s possible in small-space living. Maxable—North America’s leading provider of resources for building guest houses, casitas, in-law suites, granny flats, pool houses and other ADUs—has officially named the the #1 best ADU of 2025 and other of the ’10 Best’ for the year based on a mix of criteria: visual appeal, use of space, creativity and functionality. Multiple photos for each are showcased online demonstrating the extreme ingenuity of each build.
Every year, Maxable’s ‘Best ADU of the Year’ competition celebrates the most innovative and impressive tiny home projects from across North America. Accessory dwelling units (ADUs) that don’t just look great, but solve real challenges of space, budget, and lifestyle. And the Top 10 have just been named! “If there’s one thing we’ve learned this year, it’s that accessory dwelling units ADUs aren’t going anywhere,” says Maxable CEO Paul Dashevsky. “In fact, they’re chugging along at full force as new regulations make their mark, homeowners are letting their creativity bloom, and designers are pushing the limits of what’s possible in small-space living.”
Here is the #1 winner and other of the top 10 best ADUs that have earned their keys in 2025. ______________________________________________________
#1 Best ADU of 2025:
Ashby ADU, Piedmont, CA
Designer: Tuan Le Design
Builder: Atelier19AD6
Size: 800 sq ft, 2 bed, 1 bath
Built on a steep slope, the project faced challenges with utility coordination, subcontractors, supply chain delays, and neighbor considerations, yet the team navigated every obstacle to deliver a standout result. The unit is fully electric, with a heat pump, water heater, and solar panels, making it efficient and environmentally conscious. Skylights and floor-to-ceiling four-panel sliding glass doors fill the interior with natural light, creating a bright, airy atmosphere. The modern design continues on the exterior with sleek wood paneling that complements the contemporary interior. The result is a stylish, functional ADU that maximizes both the views and the livable space
Other Top 10 Best ADUs of 2025
Chamomile Cottage, Arlington, MA
Modular Design and Build: Backyard ADUs
Size: 567 sq ft, 1 bed, 1 bath
If a cozy cup of tea was an ADU, we think it’d look like this! Designed to bring an aging father closer to his family and young grandchildren, this modular build balances warmth, accessibility, and beautiful design. As one of the first detached ADUs completed under Massachusetts’ new ADU law, it also marks a milestone for backyard living in the state. Built with collaboration between Backyard ADUs and a homeowner with impeccable design taste, the result is both functional and heartfelt. Chevron wood flooring, warm olive walls, and a charming fireplace make the space feel like home from the moment you step inside. Skylights fill the rooms with natural light, while the ADA-compliant bathroom ensures comfort and safety for years to come.
Alora ADU, San Diego, CA
Designer: Ruland Design Group
Builder: Glann Fick, Coastline Construction
Size: 1,000 sq ft, 2 bed, 2 bath duplex
This project is a beautiful example of how ADUs can bring generations together while adding long-term value to a property. The homeowners created not one, but two attached backyard homes. One was designed for an aging mother, and the other for rental income to support the family. Together, the units make space for four generations to stay close while still maintaining privacy and independence. Both ADUs were designed with light, openness, and connection to the outdoors in mind. High ceilings and clerestory windows fill the interiors with natural light, while large sliding glass doors open to private patios for easy indoor-outdoor living. Each space feels modern and welcoming, complete with well-appointed kitchens and roomy islands perfect for family meals or morning coffee. It’s a true example of multigenerational living done right.
Copperline ADU, San Diego, CA
Designer and Builder: SnapADU
Size: 980 sq ft, 2 bed, 2 bath
This Spanish-style ADU in Rancho Santa Fe was designed to blend seamlessly with the community’s strict architectural standards. The homeowner, a roofing contractor, personally installed the boosted tile roof to match the main home, turning HOA requirements into an opportunity to create a timeless retreat. Today, the ADU serves as a private space for family and guests. Every element, from hand-textured stucco to arched porch openings and copper gutters, was carefully chosen to mirror the primary residence. Inside, faux wood ceiling beams add warmth to the great room, while custom shelving and professional-grade appliances enhance the kitchen. Each bedroom features an ensuite bath and walk-in closet, with a back entrance leading to a mudroom and laundry area.
Brick House ADU, Denver, CO
Designer and Builder: ADU4U
Size: 938 sq ft, 1 bed, 1.5 bath
This ADU project breathes new life into an old, historic building, while preserving its authentic character and respecting its roots. Building a modern structure within an 138 year old structure was an innovative solution to achieve this. In historic Curtis Park, Denver’s oldest neighborhood, an 1886 brick carriage house stands as a testament to the passage of time. The building sits inside the boundaries of Denver’s historic Curtis Park, so all exterior design and material selections had to be approved through the city’s Landmark Commission.
ADU4U turned this once-unlivable structure into a cozy, modern home while preserving its historic charm. To bring it up to today’s safety standards, the team strengthened the old brick with a new steel frame and carefully reused original materials throughout the interior. The hayloft door became the powder room door, and the old floor joists were turned into a beautiful kitchen peninsula. Now, this light-filled ADU perfectly balances historic character with modern comfort. It’s truly a shining example of how old buildings can be reimagined for today’s living.
Longview ADU, Washington D.C.
Designer: Ileana Schinder
Builder: J Cabido Designs
This project is a creative transformation of an abandoned garage and storage space into a bright and efficient one-bedroom ADU. By keeping the original structure’s footprint, the design team minimized both construction costs and the visual impact on the surrounding property. Every detail was planned with sustainability in mind. From upgraded insulation to energy-efficient mini splits and an energy recovery ventilator, the ADU meets Washington DC’s strict environmental standards while maintaining year-round comfort. Restoring the building’s existing openings allowed natural light to flood the interior, creating a warm and inviting space that feels much larger than its footprint. The result is a thoughtful blend of preservation, sustainability, and smart design, breathing new life into what was once an overlooked structure.
Sagebrush ADU, Menlo Park, CA
Designer: Inspired ADUs
Builder: Integrum Construction
This ADU is a masterclass in craftsmanship and timeless design. Every detail, from the cedar shake siding to the copper flashings, was carefully chosen to mirror the main home and create a seamless, cohesive look. Instead of competing with the original architecture, it enhances it, feeling like it has always been part of the property. Natural materials play a starring role here. The cedar and copper will continue to age beautifully, adding warmth and character over time. Inside, handmade tile, custom cabinetry, and a cozy loft make the space feel elevated yet inviting. Every inch was designed with intention, balancing function, beauty, and authenticity. This ADU proves that small-scale construction can be both refined and enduring.
Brushstroke ADU, Newcastle, CA
Designer and Builder: A+ Construction ADU Builders
Size: 1,198 sq ft + 800 sq ft deck, 3 bed, 2 baths
The client didn’t want to separate three generations of their family, so they built a second home in their backyard. This ADU allows their parents to live independently with their own routines and art studio, while staying just steps from family dinners, grandkid hugs, and everyday life together. At 1,200 sq. ft., the ADU includes three bedrooms, two bathrooms, and a large open living area. The layout prioritizes comfort, easy movement, and aging-in-place, with wide circulation paths, direct deck access from the primary bedroom, and plenty of natural light. A dedicated art studio with custom cabinetry and large windows supports the grandmother’s creative routine. The best feature? An 800 sq. ft. covered deck and carefully chosen exterior finishes. All of these details make the ADU feel integrated with the main home, creating a thoughtful, functional, and long-term living space for the whole family.
Alcove ADU, Los Angeles, CA
Designer: Homeowner
Builder: Doobek Brothers
Size: 593 sq ft, 1 bed, 1 bath
What started as a retrofit for a carport turned into a fully functional ADU, making smart use of limited space while navigating strict city codes. Because the property sits on a hillside, any addition beyond the existing roofline would have required expensive drainage to the street, so the design works entirely within the original footprint. The interior feels calm and spacious thanks to thoughtful layout, finishes, and furniture. A double wall between the kitchen and bathroom cleverly hides appliances while providing storage for cleaning supplies, making the space feel open and uncluttered. Temperature and sound insulation reduce energy costs for both units, making it highly efficient. Windows were sized to align with the upstairs unit, creating visual harmony. With parking right outside and a potential deck planned for the upper unit, this ADU demonstrates how careful design can turn code restrictions into a livable home.
Elevare ADU, San Diego, CA
Designer: Sergio Perlata
Builder: HM Construction
Size: 479 sq ft, 1 bed, 1 bath
This daring ADU was built on top of the homeowner’s existing house to preserve the garage while creating a luxurious, functional space. What started as a bold idea and labor of love resulted in a retreat that balances comfort, style, and modern California living. The design maximizes natural light, features high-end finishes, and offers seamless indoor-outdoor flow. Privacy for the main house was carefully considered, and practical choices like spa-like micro-cement in the bathroom create a durable, low-maintenance, and rental-friendly space. More than just a guest house, this ADU is a thoughtfully crafted space that inspires relaxation and connection.
November, 2025 – The federal Canadian government is expected to unveil proposed changes to its electric vehicle sales mandate this winter. The upcoming announcement comes as Canada’s 2026 Zero Emissions Vehicle (ZEV) mandate – requiring 20 percent of new light-vehicle sales to be electric – faces mounting evidence it was unlikely ever to be met, according to a new report by the C.D. Howe Institute.
In “Mandating the Impossible? Assessing Canada’s Electric Vehicle Mandate for 2026 and Beyond,” Brian Livingston, at the C.D. Howe Institute, finds that the policy’s trajectory remains unrealistic beyond 2026. “Even if incentives return, the targets far exceed what consumers are willing or able to buy,” says Livingston. “Mandates alone won’t generate the demand or the vehicles needed to meet these goals.”
The analysis shows that under the 2026 requirement, automakers collectively would have had to spend hundreds of millions of dollars to comply. Companies falling short of their targets could face over $200 million in penalties to generate “Charging Fund Credits,” along with unknown additional costs to purchase “Excess Credits” from firms such as Tesla and Hyundai. To meet compliance thresholds, manufacturers might have been forced to restrict non-ZEV sales, reducing total vehicle supply by more than 400,000 units – leaving significant consumer demand unmet.
Meanwhile, companies exceeding the 20 percent target – primarily foreign-based automakers – would benefit from windfall revenues by selling excess credits. Canadian-based producers such as GM, Ford, Toyota, Stellantis, and Honda, which manufacture domestically, would bear higher costs and face reduced competitiveness.
Federal officials recently noted that the government’s highly anticipated review of the ZEV mandate – launched after Prime Minister Mark Carney paused the 2026 target in September – will report back this winter and unveil proposed changes to targets and credit rules.
Livingston recommends that Ottawa either abandon or substantially revise the ZEV mandate. Options include revising percentage targets to align with market realities, counting increasingly popular hybrid vehicles toward compliance, redirecting credit proceeds to the federal government, or suspending the mandate until trade negotiations with the United States and China clarify the future of Canada’s auto sector.
“The waiver of the 2026 target is only a first step,” Livingston cautions. “Unless the policy is recalibrated to reflect consumer demand and production capacity, Canada’s ZEV mandate risks driving up costs, shrinking supply, and undermining competitiveness – without delivering meaningful emissions reductions.”
AI is fundamentally redefining leadership by providing new tools, frameworks, and systems that allow leaders not just to manage complexity, but to see, challenge, and reshape their organizations in ways never before possible. The competitive mandate for leaders is clear: harness AI not merely for efficiency, but as an engine for deeper self-awareness, structured dissent, and proactive sensing that unlocks true organizational agility and resilience.
Strategic Frameworks for Next-Gen AI Leadership
Forward-thinking leaders are moving beyond pilot projects and isolated automation to experiment with new, holistic approaches—many inspired by concepts like the Leadership Mirror, Red-Team Loop, and Organization Pulse Monitor. These paradigms operationalize AI in ways that directly address the perennial blind spots, biases, and inertia that often undermine executive decision-making.
George Yang- helping organizations and executives embrace AI.
The Leadership Mirror: Cultivating Radical Self-Awareness
The Leadership Mirror uses AI to continuously analyze leadership communication, decision rationale, and team interactions, surfacing insights that are often overlooked or difficult for humans to acknowledge. For example, Microsoft has begun leveraging AI tools to track who dominates meetings, which voices get systematically dismissed, and when evidence is overridden by intuition—creating dashboards that encourage leaders to confront uncomfortable patterns.
This approach helps leaders challenge their own narrative, improve inclusiveness, and drive more thoughtful debate.
With AI’s ability to process language in real time, leaders can receive feedback loops and “reflections” that support a culture of deliberate, transparent leadership.
The Leadership Mirror is also a vehicle for mitigating the “competence penalty,” where women and older workers face skepticism for using AI—even when it enhances productivity. By surfacing evidence of expertise and impact, it reduces bias and builds psychological safety.
There are different types of AI including less sophisticated models such as Generative AI. To decide whether to use generative artificial intelligence for a task, ask yourself whether it matters if the output is true and you have the expertise to verify the tool’s output. (Adapted from Aleksandr Tiulkanov‘s LinkedIn post)
The Red-Team Loop: Embedding Structured Dissent
To counter groupthink and executive overconfidence, Red-Team Loop systems employ AI to automate adversarial reviews of strategy and operational decisions. Verizon, for instance, uses an AI framework that captures assumptions, risks, and anticipated outcomes for major decisions, then generates simulated critiques and alternative scenarios—sometimes challenging senior executives on blind spots they themselves hadn’t recognized.
By proactively “red-teaming” their own decisions, leaders foster a culture where dissent is routine, rational, and data-driven—not ad hoc or punitive.
The approach is especially valuable in M&A, crisis management, and product launches, where high-stakes, high-ambiguity decisions benefit from rigorous challenge.
Leading boards now expect Red-Team Loops as part of their fiduciary duty, recognizing that the cost of missed risks is measured not just in dollars, but reputation and long-term viability.
Organization Pulse Monitor: Proactive Sensing for Culture and Risk
The Organization Pulse Monitor uses AI to detect weak signals in organization culture, ethical risk, and operational friction long before traditional metrics or surveys would register them. Some organizations have begun linking AI-powered sentiment analysis of internal communications, workflow behaviors, and network interactions to predict where a culture may be straining, where compliance risks are emerging, or where silent dissent is brewing.
When Pulse Monitors flagged drops in engagement and early warning signs of burnout, one multinational fast-tracked well-being interventions, pre-empting attrition.
AI-driven pulse scans also help surface ethical risks—such as exclusionary behaviors or data privacy concerns—enabling leaders to respond immediately, not months later.
Actionable Strategies: Bringing AI Experiments to Leadership
How can senior leaders experiment and innovate with these systems while maximizing value and minimizing risk?
Map Adoption Hotspots and Blind Spots: Use mirror and pulse data to identify where AI is catalyzing positive behaviors—and where competence penalties or shadow AI usage may be undermining equity or performance. Target interventions accordingly.
Mobilize Role Model Leaders: Encourage respected senior leaders, particularly those from underrepresented demographics, to visibly experiment with and champion AI tools. Research shows that when these role models use AI openly, adoption gaps shrink, and psychological safety rises.
Redesign Evaluation and Disclosure Policies: Shift performance metrics from subjective ratings of proficiency to objective impact, cycle time, accuracy, and innovation. Blind reviews and private feedback mechanisms can reduce bias against AI users and drive fairer rewards.
Embed Structured Red-Teaming in Decision Flows: Institutionalize adversarial testing of key decisions, making AI-enabled dissent a standard step—not a threat or afterthought. Leaders should receive regular “contrarian” insights, not just consensus-building reports.
Common Pitfalls and Human Impact
Despite rising investment, less than one-third of US employers believe staff are equipped for critical thinking in the AI era, and only 16% of American workers use AI on the job despite widespread availability. The main barriers are not just technical, but social: competence penalties, fear of reputation loss, and resistance among influential skeptics.
Competence Penalty: AI users, especially women and older employees, may face a perception of diminished competence. This undermines adoption and can exacerbate workplace inequality.
Shadow AI and Hidden Risks: Employees sometimes use unauthorized tools to bypass bias, exposing the organization to compliance, reputational, and security risk.
Skill Gaps vs. Work Context: Traditional training falls short without tailored, role-specific feedback loops—AI tutors offer scalable, personal learning but must be embedded in daily workflow, not delivered in isolation.
Governance, Ethics, and Sustainable Change
Human-centered leadership isn’t optional—it’s a strategic imperative. Boards and executives must be proactive in:
Instituting transparent governance for all AI systems (mirrors, loops, monitors), with clear oversight on privacy, fairness, and impact.
Ensuring structured role-modeling and psychological safety—particularly for vulnerable groups confronting competence penalties.
Making change management a continuous process, with AI as both coach and sentinel, not just a dashboard.
The call to action for C-suite leaders is urgent and profound: treat responsible, experimental, and self-critical AI adoption as the core discipline of next-generation leadership. Not just for efficiency, but for building organizations where insight, challenge, and well-being are sustainably enabled. Those who master the trifecta of mirror, loop, and pulse will set the new standard for profitable, human-centered growth in the age of AI.
More about:
George Yang is a Toronto-based digital innovator and AI adoption strategist with over 15 years of experience in marketing and digital transformation. As Chair of the AI Working Group at the National Payroll Institute, he helps organizations translate AI strategy into measurable business outcomes. George is passionate about making AI adoption ethical, practical, and impactful, bridging the gap between innovation and implementation across industries. georgeyang.ca
From electro-chromatic e-windows to using supernova explosions to explore the earth for mineral deposits: World Economic Forum 2025 Technology Pioneers Leading New Wave of Global Innovation
The World Economic Forum selects 100 start-ups from 28 countries to join its Technology Pioneers community.
The new cohort marks a global surge of emerging technologies, from smart robotics and spatial AI to flying taxis and scalable quantum solutions.
Now in its 25th year, the community has recognized over 1,200 start-ups that have gone on to transform industries and societies worldwide.
For more information on the Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2025, visit wef.ch/amnc25 and share on social media using the hashtag #amnc25, or #2025夏季达沃斯#. Read more about the 2025 Technology Pioneers here.
Geneva, Switzerland, 2025 – The World Economic Forum 2025 Technology Pioneers community is a group of 100 early-stage companies from 28 countries driving innovation across industries and borders. Now in its 25th year, the program celebrates its strongest cohort yet, marked by broader geographical representation, greater diversity beyond Silicon Valley and the rise of more ambitious frontier technologies.
Reflecting wider shifts in the innovation landscape, many of the companies spotlighted are using artificial intelligence (AI) to reach greater scale and sophistication with fewer resources. Several are venturing into less explored frontiers – from asteroid mining and flying electric taxis, to leveraging satellite imagery to transform agriculture and harnessing energy from supernova explosions to locate critical minerals beneath the Earth’s surface.
The geography of innovation is also evolving.
While the United States remains the top contributor to the community, Europe’s share has surged to 28% – up from 20% last year – reflecting the rise of strong tech ecosystems across the region. China and India are also emerging as major tech innovation hubs.
“There has never been a more exciting time to dive headfirst into tech innovation. But no one gets far alone – you need a community to move your mission forward,” said Verena Kuhn, Head of Innovator Communities, World Economic Forum. “As we mark 25 years of the Technology Pioneers programme, this global community continues to connect start-ups to the networks and ecosystems they need to scale.”
This year also marks the 25th Anniversary of the Technology Pioneers programme. Since its inception in 2000, the community has championed early-stage innovation and recognized more than 1,200 companies, many of which have gone on to reshape industries worldwide. Alumni include household names such as Google, PayPal, Dropbox and SoundCloud, underscoring the community’s role as a launchpad for ideas and impact.
The 2025 cohort stands out for its concentration of companies developing breakthrough technologies to address pressing global challenges. These include advanced robotics, customisable space launch services, micro nuclear reactors and more accessible quantum computing applications. These pioneers will contribute cutting-edge insights to Forum initiatives over a two-year engagement program and will also be invited to participate in the Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2025, taking place on 24-26 June in Tianjin, People’s Republic of China.
The 2025 Technology Pioneers include:
Australia • Cauldron – Commercializing advanced continuous fermentation technology to unlock price parity for mainstream bio-manufactured goods.
Brazil • Brain4care – Using AI-based technology to enable timely medical interventions for patients with neurological conditions.
Canada
• Ideon Technologies – Harnessing the energy from supernova explosions in space to image deep beneath the Earth’s surface, transforming how mining companies recover critical minerals. • Miru – Developing dynamic electrochromic windows that deliver high functionality, experience and energy efficiency for the automotive, transportation and architectural sectors.
Greater China • Deep Principle – Integrating advanced AI models and quantum chemistry to accelerate the discovery and development of chemical materials. • GS Biomats – Developing furan bio-based material, a renewable alternative to petroleum-based chemicals, for various uses including biomedical applications. • HiNa Battery – Producing more sustainable, high-performance, low-cost sodium-ion batteries. • KaiOS – Providing affordable internet and access to financial services to unserved populations, primarily in South Asia and Africa. • Lightstandard – Making large language model computing faster and more energy-efficient with photonic computing. • Noematrix – Focusing on researching and developing embodied intelligence systems and related tools and platforms, which are compatible with diverse hardware. • Novlead – Designing a molecular technology platform providing available, accessible and affordable nitric oxide solutions for major clinical needs. • Shengshu Technology – Building generative AI infrastructure that develops native multi-modal large models such as images, 3D and video. • TRANSTREAMS – Engineering chips and solutions to address the computing power shortages in China during the era of AI-generated content. • Turing – Providing cutting-edge computing infrastructure and comprehensive AI solutions to drive the future of intelligent computing.
Colombia • Plurall – Supporting early-stage entrepreneurs in emerging markets with fast, accessible working capital and digital payment solutions, leveraging AI models for risk assessment, collections and embedded lending.
Denmark • Arcadia eFuels – Developing and deploying technology to produce electro-sustainable aviation and diesel fuels using renewable electricity, seawater, and captured CO2.
Egypt • Thndr – Offering a digital investment platform with a range of flexible funding methods and educational resources to empower investors.
France • Ascendance Flight Technologies – Decarbonizing aviation with a hybrid electric propulsion system and hybrid vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft. • Beyond Aero – Building the first electric business aircraft powered by hydrogen propulsion, as a sustainable alternative to traditional business jets. • CO2 AI – Helping large and complex organizations measure their environmental impact, identify credible levers and decarbonize at scale through AI. • Jimmy – Developing a micro nuclear reactor to provide carbon-free, competitive heat for industrial processes. • Nabla – Reducing clinician burnout by automating clinical documentation with AI. • Orakl Oncology – Creating a biology and AI-powered simulation platform to revolutionize oncology drug development. • Phagos – Deploying a sustainable alternative to antibiotics using bacteriophages and AI • Quobly – Making scalable, cost-competitive, large-scale quantum computers. • Sweetch Energy – Enabling osmotic power generation by harnessing the salinity gradient between freshwater and seawater.
Germany • Accure – Providing predictive battery analytics software to enhance safety, optimize performance and extend the lifetime of battery systems. • Black Forest Labs – Building generative deep learning models for media, particularly images and videos • eleQtron – Developing quantum computers by leveraging trapped-ion technology. • Tozero – Pioneering the delivery of recycled lithium in Europe by sustainably recovering critical materials from battery waste.
India • Agnikul – Providing affordable and customizable space launch services. • CynLr – Building robots with intuitive vision and enabling manufacturers and logistics providers to build fully automated factories. • Dezy – Leveraging AI-powered diagnostic technology to build affordable and accessible dental care. • Digantara – Providing crucial operational support to commercial space operators and space surveillance intelligence to global space agencies. • Equal – Providing an integrated solution that combines identity verification with consent-driven financial data sharing. • Exponent Energy – Making 15-minute rapid charging for electric vehicles affordable and scalable through an innovative battery management system, charging algorithms, thermal management and a charging network. • Freight Tiger – Building India’s largest software-enabled freight network to help businesses move goods with full visibility, efficiency and lower costs. • GalaxEye – Creating a comprehensive, multi-sensor Earth observation system. • SolarSquare – Helping homes switch to solar in India with its full-stack solar panel systems. • The ePlane Co. – Developing flying electric taxis designed for intra-city transportation.
Israel • Fermata – Providing computer vision solutions for farmers to reduce crop losses and pesticide use. • Illumex – Empowering organizations to run governed and reliable AI agents through unified business data language and to democratize data access to every user. • LightSolver – Building a photonic supercomputer by harnessing the power of coupled lasers. • NanoSynex – Offering a rapid and accurate diagnostic platform for bacterial resistance. • ZutaCore – Developing waterless direct-to-chip liquid cooling for AI and high-performance computing (HPC) data centres.
Italy • Arsenale Bioyards – Building new lab-to-production infrastructure enabling fast, low-cost biomanufacturing at an industrial scale.
Japan • Sagri – Leveraging satellite data and AI to transform agriculture through land use optimization and sustainability.
Republic of Korea • Hylium Industries – Providing safe and innovative liquid hydrogen solutions for carbon-free mobility. • NARA Space – Building South Korea’s first microsatellite constellation for methane point source detection. • Robocon – Developing robotics and smart factory solutions for the construction and steel industries.
Luxembourg • Tokeny Solutions – Building the compliance infrastructure for digital assets in blockchain and fintech.
Mexico • Allie – Creating closed-loop optimization systems for manufacturing that autonomously adjust production parameters in real time.
Nigeria • Cybervergent – Providing a platform to automate cybersecurity compliance and risk governance. • Sabi – Powering the sourcing and distribution of physical goods and critical commodities in Africa. • ThriveAgric – Empowering smallholder farmers across Africa by linking them to finance, data-driven best practices, and access to local and global markets.
Saudi Arabia • Intelmatix – Making enterprise AI accessible through industry-specific, context-aware AI agents.
Singapore • Manus – Automating a wide range of practical tasks for personal and professional use with a general AI agent. • Rize – Decarbonizing rice cultivation in Asia through scalable agricultural innovations.
Spain • Crisalion Mobility – Offering sustainable air and ground mobility solutions. • INBRAIN Neuroelectronics – Developing brain-computer interfaces to treat neurological disorders.
Sweden • Graphmatech – Developing advanced materials infused with graphene to make large-scale industries more innovative and resource efficient. • Lovable – Using AI to help users create software and web apps without coding expertise.
Switzerland • HAYA Therapeutics – Developing RNA-based medicines to treat heart, lung and tissue diseases. • Neural Concept – Accelerating product design through 3D generative engineering and AI.
Uganda • Numida – Using credit models and digital underwriting to provide loans to micro businesses.
Ukraine • Respeecher – Enabling scalable voice cloning across languages and contexts.
United Kingdom • CuspAI – Using frontier AI to accelerate the discovery and development of materials with specific functionalities. • Obrizum – Offering personalized digital learning services at scale through an AI-powered platform. • Oxford Ionics – Building high-performance quantum computers using trapped-ion technology.
United States • Ammobia –Fuelling the world with cost-effective, lower-carbon ammonia production. • Archetype AI – Pioneering a new form of Physical AI capable of perceiving, understanding and reasoning about the world through analysing real-time, multimodal sensor data. • Arine – Integrating cutting-edge AI, clinical expertise and advanced data analytics to deliver medication-based care interventions at the population level. • AstroForge – Making critical minerals more accessible to humanity by mining asteroids. • BforeAI – Using behavioural AI to predict and automatically pre-empt malicious campaigns and stop cyberattacks before they occur. • Candidly – Developing an AI-powered platform to help borrowers manage and overcome educational loans. • Claryo – Helping warehouse operators maximize operational efficiency by leveraging spatial generative AI. • Distyl AI – Enabling enterprises to seamlessly integrate AI agents into operations. • Emvolon – Converting methane emissions into carbon-negative fuels for hard-to-abate sectors onsite. • Exowatt – Delivers solar power on demand by storing energy and converting it into electricity as needed, helping data centres and the grid run on clean energy 24/7. • Foundation Alloy – Commercializing solid-state metals technology to make higher performance metals using less energy. • HAIQU – Developing a new application execution stack for all modalities of near-term quantum computers. • Hertha Metals – Developing technology to decarbonize primary steel production. • Hyfe – “Turns food processing waste into chemicals that replace petroleum in everyday goods”. • Lumu Technologies – Providing cybersecurity operations capabilities to help businesses control the impact of cybercrime. • One Bio – Using biotechnology to add anti-inflammatory plant-based fibres to everyday foods. • Oberon Fuels – Developing innovative carbon-neutral fuels for maritime, propane, and hydrogen sectors. • Osmo – Combining frontier AI and olfactory science to digitize scent and enhance well-being. • Outtake – Securing digital identities by detecting and removing harmful AI-generated content. • Parallel Learning – Providing licensed therapy and instruction to students with learning differences through a digital platform. • Pavilion – Increasing efficiency in US public procurement with an AI-enabled government marketplace. • Reality Defender – Offering multimodal detection of AI-generated media to prevent fraud and disinformation. • RoboForce – Building AI-powered robotic systems designed for high-risk or repetitive work, to enhance efficiency, productivity and safety across industries. • Rubi Laboratories – Using biocatalysis to transform CO2 into essential materials like cellulose. • Shiru – Leveraging AI to identify and develop naturally occurring functional ingredients. • Starcloud – Constructing data centres in space to solve the AI energy challenge. • Waterplan – Delivering an AI-powered platform to measure, manage and mitigate water risk. • Workera – Providing AI-driven workforce skills intelligence and upskilling pathways. • Workhelix – Helping companies identify AI transformation opportunities and measure return on investment.
Uruguay • Prometeo – Creating a single, borderless banking application programming interface to connect companies with financial institutions across the Americas.
About the Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2025 The 16th Annual Meeting of the New Champions will take place from 24 to 26 June 2025 in Tianjin, People’s Republic of China, under the theme “Entrepreneurship for a New Era.” The meeting will convene over 1,700 leaders from business, government, civil society, academia, international organizations, innovation and media to explore entrepreneurial solutions to global challenges.
About the Technology Pioneers Launched in 2000, the Technology Pioneers community marks its 25th anniversary in 2025 as a leading platform for early-stage companies from around the world that are shaping the future through breakthrough technologies and innovations. These companies are selected for their potential to have a significant impact on business and society and are invited to engage with public and private sector leaders through the World Economic Forum’s global platform.
The Technology Pioneers community is part of the Innovator Communities within the Forum’s Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The Innovator Communities convene the world’s leading global start-ups across different growth stages from early-stage Technology Pioneers to growth-stage Global Innovators and unicorn companies valued at more than $1 billion usd/ $ 1.373 billion cad.
“Pay attention students, write this down for memorization.” The Trivium and Quadrivium, medieval revival of classical Greek education theories, defined the seven liberal arts necessary as preparation for entering higher education: grammar, logic, rhetoric, astronomy, geometry, arithmetic, and music. Even today, the education disciplines identified since Greek times are still reflected in many education systems. Numerous disciplines and branches have since emerged, ranging from history to computer science…
Now comes the Information Age, bringing with it Big Data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence as well as visualization techniques that facilitate the learning of knowledge.
All this technology dramatically increased the amount of knowledge we could access and the speed at which we could generate answers to our questions.
“New and more innovative knowledge maps are now needed to help us navigate the complexities of our expanding landscape of knowledge,” says Charles Fadel. Fadel is the founder of the Center for Curriculum Redesign, which has been producing new knowledge maps that redesign knowledge standards from the ground up. “Understanding the interrelatedness of knowledge areas will help to uncover a logical and effective progression for learning that achieves deep understanding.”
Joining us in The Global Search for Education to talk about what students should learn in the age of AI is Charles Fadel, author of Four-Dimensional Education: The Competencies Learners Need to Succeed.
“We need to identify the Essential Content and Core Concepts for each discipline – that’s what the curation effort must achieve so as to leave time and space for deepening the disciplines’ understanding and developing competencies.” — Charles Fadel
Charles, today students have the ability to look up anything. Technology that enables them to do this is also improving all the time. If I want to solve a math problem, I use my calculator, and if I want to write a report on the global effects of climate change, I pull out my mobile. How much of the data kids are being forced to memorize in school is now a waste of time?
The Greeks bemoaned the invention of the alphabet because people did not have to memorize the Iliad anymore. Anthropologists tell us that memorization is far more trained in populations that are illiterate or do not have access to books. So needing to memorize even less in an age of Search is a natural evolution.
However, there are also valid reasons for why some carefully curated content will always be necessary.
Firstly, Automaticity. It would be implausible for anyone to constantly look up words or simple multiplications – it just takes too long and breaks the thought process, very inefficiently. Secondly, Learning Progressions. A number of disciplines need a gradual progression towards expertise, and again, one cannot constantly look things up, this would be completely unworkable. Finally, Competencies (Skills, Character, Meta-Learning). Those cannot be developed in thin air as they need a base of (modernized, curated) knowledge to leverage.
Sometimes people will say “Google knows everything” or “ask AI” and it is striking, but the reality is that for now, Google stores everything. Of course, with AI, what is emerging now is the ability to analyze a large number of specific problems and make predictions, so eventually, Google and similar companies will know a lot more than humans can about themselves!
Closeup of mobile phone with language learning application in jeans pocket. focus on screen
“What we need to test for is Transfer – the ability to use something we have learned in a completely different context. This has always been the goal of an Education, but now algorithms will allow us to focus on that goal even more, by ‘flipping the curriculum’.” — Charles Fadel
If Child A has memorized the data in her head while Child B has to look up the answers, some might argue that Child A is smarter than Child B. I would argue that AI has leveled the playing field for Child A and Child B, particularly if Child B is digitally literate, creative and passionate about learning. What are your thoughts?
First, let’s not conflate memory with intelligence, which games like Jeopardy implicitly do. The fact that Child A memorized data does not mean they are “smarter” than Child B, even though memory implies a modicum of intelligence. Second, even Child B will need some level of content knowledge to be creative, etc. Again, this is not developed in thin air, per the conversation above.
So it is a false dichotomy to talk about Knowledge or Competencies (Skills/Character/Meta-learning), it has to be Knowledge (modernized, curated) and Competencies. We’d want children to both Know and Do, with creativity and curiosity.
Lastly, we need to identify the Essential Content and Core Concepts for each discipline – that’s what the curation effort must achieve so as to leave time and space for deepening the disciplines’ understanding and developing competencies.
Given the impact of AI today and the advancements we expect each year, when should (all) school districts introduce open laptop examinations to allow students equal access to information and place emphasis on their thinkingskills?
The question has more to do with Search algorithms than with AI, but regardless, real-life is open-book, and so should exams be alike. And yes, this will force students to actually understand their materials, provided the tests do more than multiple-choice trivialities, which by the way we find even at college levels for the sake of ease of grading.
What we need to test for is Transfer – the ability to use something we have learned in a completely different context. This has always been the goal of an Education, but now algorithms (search, AI) will allow us to focus on that goal even more, by “flipping the curriculum”.
Today, if a learner wants to do a deep dive into any specific subject, AI search allows them to do this outside of classroom time. What do you say to a history teacher who argues there’s no need to revise subject content in his classroom?
For all disciplines, not just History, we must strike the careful balance between “just-in-time, in context” vs “just-in-case”. Context matters to anchor the learning: in other words, real-world projects give immediate relevance for the learning, which helps it to be absorbed. And yet projects can also be time-inefficient, so a healthy balance of didactic methods like lectures are still necessary. McKinsey has recently shown that today that ratio is about 25% projects, which should grow a bit more over time as education systems embed them better, with better teacher training.
Second, it should be perfectly fine for any student to do deep dives as they see fit, but again in balance: there are other competencies needed to becoming a more complete individual, and if one is ahead of the curve in a specific topic, it is of course very tempting to follow one’s passion. And at the same time, it is important to make sure that other competencies get developed too. So, balance and a discriminating mind matter.
Employers consider ethics, leadership, resilience, curiosity,mindfulness and courage as being of “very high” importance to preparing students for the workplace. How does your curriculum satisfy employers’ demands today and in the years ahead?
These Character qualities are essential for employers and life needs alike, and they have converged away from the false dichotomy of “employability or psycho-social needs.” A modern curriculum ensures that these qualities are developed deliberately, systematically, comprehensively, and demonstrably. This is achieved by matrixing them with the Knowledge dimension, meaning teaching Resilience via Mathematics, Mindfulness via History, etc. Employers have a mixed view and success as to how to assess these qualities, so it is a bit unfair that they would demand specificity they do not have. And it is also unfitting of school systems to lose relevance.
people, education, technology and exam concept – close up of students with smartphones taking picture of books page and making cheat sheet in school library
“Educators have been tone-deaf to the needs of employers and society to educate broad and deep individuals, not merely ones that may go to college. The anchoring of this problem comes from university entrance requirements.” — Charles Fadel
There is a significant gap between employers’ view of the preparation levels of students and the views of students and educators. The problem likely exists partly because of incorrect assumptions on both sides, but there are also valid deficiencies. What specific inadequacies are behind this gap? What system or process can be devised to resolve this issue?
On one side, employers are expecting too much and shirking their responsibility to bring up the level of their employees, expecting them to graduate 100% “ready to work” and having to spend nothing more than job-specific training at best. On the other side, educators have been tone-deaf to the needs of employers and society to educate broad and deep individuals, not merely ones that may go to college.
The anchoring of this problem comes from university entrance requirements (in the US, AP classes, etc.) and their associated assessments (SAT/ACT scores). They have for decades back-biased what is taught in schools, in a very self-serving manner – narrowly as a test of whether a student will succeed at university. It is time to deconstruct the requirements to broaden/deepen them to serve multiple stakeholders. For the Silo, C.M. Rubin.
(All photos are courtesy of our friends at CMRubinWorld)
C. M. Rubin and Charles Fadel
Join me and globally renowned thought leaders including Sir Michael Barber (UK), Dr. Michael Block (U.S.), Dr. Leon Botstein (U.S.), Professor Clay Christensen (U.S.), Dr. Linda Darling-Hammond (U.S.), Dr. MadhavChavan (India), Charles Fadel (U.S.), Professor Michael Fullan (Canada), Professor Howard Gardner (U.S.), Professor Andy Hargreaves (U.S.), Professor Yvonne Hellman (The Netherlands), Professor Kristin Helstad (Norway), Jean Hendrickson (U.S.), Professor Rose Hipkins (New Zealand), Professor Cornelia Hoogland (Canada), Honourable Jeff Johnson (Canada), Mme. Chantal Kaufmann (Belgium), Dr. EijaKauppinen (Finland), State Secretary TapioKosunen (Finland), Professor Dominique Lafontaine (Belgium), Professor Hugh Lauder (UK), Lord Ken Macdonald (UK), Professor Geoff Masters (Australia), Professor Barry McGaw (Australia), Shiv Nadar (India), Professor R. Natarajan (India), Dr. Pak Tee Ng (Singapore), Dr. Denise Pope (US), Sridhar Rajagopalan (India), Dr. Diane Ravitch (U.S.), Richard Wilson Riley (U.S.), Sir Ken Robinson (UK), Professor Pasi Sahlberg (Finland), Professor Manabu Sato (Japan), Andreas Schleicher (PISA, OECD), Dr. Anthony Seldon (UK), Dr. David Shaffer (U.S.), Dr. Kirsten Sivesind (Norway), Chancellor Stephen Spahn (U.S.), Yves Theze (LyceeFrancais U.S.), Professor Charles Ungerleider (Canada), Professor Tony Wagner (U.S.), Sir David Watson (UK), Professor Dylan Wiliam (UK), Dr. Mark Wormald (UK), Professor Theo Wubbels (The Netherlands), Professor Michael Young (UK), and Professor Minxuan Zhang (China) as they explore the big picture education questions that all nations face today.
C. M. Rubin is the author of two widely read online series for which she received a 2011 Upton Sinclair award, “The Global Search for Education” and “How Will We Read?” She is also the author of three bestselling books, including The Real Alice in Wonderland, is the publisher of CMRubinWorld and is a Disruptor Foundation Fellow.
Lockheed Martin Space Fence Tracks Over 25,000 Orbiting Objects
![That's a LOT to track! [CP]](https://www.thesilo.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/SpaceFenceMain.jpg)
It’s hard to say exactly what the future holds, though Steve Jobs was seemingly pretty good at predicting it. In 1972 I had the unusual opportunity to be in a computer class with Steve Jobs. Of course, at the time he was just a nerdy teen and I was four years his junior. He and I would vie to play Tic-tac-toe on a 500 pound “computer” that our High School had recently purchased. Steve was obsessed with this machine. One day I asked Steve why he was so fixated on this refrigerator sized computer. He turned to me and said in an intense manner, “Don’t you see? This machine is going to change everything! It’s going to change the world!” 
MONA LUNA at Luna · Design: Sacha Lakic ©Venturi Space/Romero 
