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Military

USA: Disrupting Iran’s Weapons Procurement

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Fact Sheet via Office of the Spokesperson

The Department of State is taking action to designate four Iran- and Belarus-based entities and individuals involved in the procurement of arms and related materiel intended to support Iran’s military.

The United States, as directed in the President’s National Security Presidential Memorandum 2, is committed to disrupting procurement efforts supporting Iran’s military programs.  This action represents the commitment to stop Iran from engaging in activities related to the reconstitution of its proliferation-sensitive programs.

All Department of State targets are being designated pursuant to Executive Order (E.O.) 13949, which targets certain persons with respect to the conventional arms activities of Iran.

The Department of the Treasury is concurrently designating nine entities and individuals who have worked to procure weapons on behalf of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).  For more information on these actions, please see the Department of the Treasury’s press release.

The Department is designating the following entity and individual pursuant to Section 1(a)(i) of E.O. 13949 for engaging in activity that materially contributes to the supply, sale, or transfer, directly or indirectly, to or from Iran, or for the use in or benefit of Iran, of arms or related materiel, including spare parts. 

Armory Alliance

Armory Alliance is a Belarus-based entity that has acted as an intermediary between China-based companies and Iran and has been involved in facilitating the purchase of hundreds of man-portable air-defense systems (MANPADS) and their shipment from China to Iran including attempting to route the shipments through third party countries and obfuscating their origin and true end-user.  The Department of the Treasury previously designated Armory Alliance pursuant to E.O. 13382 on May 8, 2026.

Mohammadmahdi Maleki

Mohammadmahdi Maleki is a Belarus-based Iranian individual who as an employee of ARMORY ALLIANCE has contributed to Armory Alliance’s efforts to procure weapons for benefit of Iran. The Department of the Treasury previously designated Mohammadmahdi Maleki pursuant to E.O. 13382 on May 8, 2026.

The Department is designating the following entity and individuals pursuant to Section 1(a)(ii) of E.O. 13949 for having provided to Iran any technical training, financial resources or services, advice, other services, or assistance related to the supply, sale, transfer, manufacture, maintenance, or use of arms and related materiel described in subsection (a)(i) of section 1 of E.O. 13949.

Center for Innovation and Technology Cooperation

Center for Innovation and Technology Cooperation (CITC) is an Iran-based government entity involved in the procurement of satellite imagery to support kinetic strikes by Iranian armed forces. CITC coordinated with the Iranian Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS) about striking locations within and around a facility hosting U.S. armed forces in late March 2026.  The facility was subsequently targeted by an Iranian attack in late March 2026, resulting in the injury of U.S. service members.  Additionally, officials of CITC have approached China-based facilitators to attempt to procure weapons for use by Iran’s military.  Center for Progress and Development of Iran (CDPI) is the latest name of Iran’s CITC.  CITC was previously designated by the United States on July 12, 2012, pursuant to E.O. 13382.  MOIS was previously designated by the United States on February 6, 2012, pursuant to E.O. 13224 and E.O. 13553.  MOIS was also designated by the United States on April 22, 2012, pursuant to E.O. 1306; September 9, 2022, pursuant to E.O. 13694; and September 8, 2023, pursuant to E.O. 14078.

The Department is designating the following entities pursuant to Section 1(a)(iii) of E.O. 13949 for having engaged, or attempted to engage, in any activity that materially contributes to, or poses a risk of materially contributing to, the proliferation of arms or related materiel or items intended for military end-uses or military end-users, including any efforts to manufacture, acquire, possess, develop, transport, transfer, or use such items, by the Government of Iran (including persons owned or controlled by, or acting for or on behalf of the Government of Iran) or paramilitary organizations financially or militarily supported by the Government of Iran.

Sajjad Ahadzadeh

Sajjad Ahadzadeh (Ahadzadeh) is the head of CITC. Ahadzadeh has approached China-based facilitators, such as U.S.-designated China-based Yushita Shanghai International Trade Co Ltd (Yushita), to procure man-portable air-defense systems (MANPADS).  Ahadzadeh has attempted to facilitate the procurement of weapons and other arms and related materiel from China for use by Iran including through U.S.-designated Yushita.  Yushita was designated by the Department of the Treasury on May 8, 2026, pursuant to E.O. 13382.

Sci-Tech

New Technology Pioneers Are Building Infrastructure For Next Era of AI Including Canada

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  • 100 start-ups from 23 countries selected to join the World Economic Forum’s Technology Pioneers community.
  • This year’s cohort stands out for building the software and physical infrastructure needed to power autonomous AI systems at scale.
  • Companies are advancing breakthrough technologies in AI, energy, quantum computing, biotechnology, climate innovation, space and advanced manufacturing.
  • Learn more about the Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2026 here. Follow on social media using #amnc26, #2026夏季达沃斯# and #InnovateScaleImpact.

Frontier Innovation

Geneva, Switzerland, June 2026 – The World Economic Forum has announced its 2026 Technology Pioneers cohort, recognizing 100 early-stage companies from 23 countries that are developing breakthrough technologies with the potential to transform industries and societies. The cohort reflects the growing geographic diversity of frontier innovation, with nine companies from India and record representation from the Republic of Korea.

What sets this year’s cohort apart is its focus on enabling the next era of artificial intelligence (AI). While recent advances have centered on models and consumer applications, many of the Tech Pioneers are building the software and physical infrastructure needed to AI at scale.

Two groups stand out: companies developing the foundations for autonomous AI agents, including identity verification, payments, security and enterprise integration; and those addressing AI growing energy, computing and storage demands.

Frontier Innovation

The cohort also reflects the expanding geographies of frontier innovation. India contributes nine companies, many focused on deep-tech and space innovation, while the Republic of Korea records its strongest representation to date across AI, robotics and quantum technologies. Companies from the Middle East, Latin America and South-East Asia are also strengthening their presence in emerging technology ecosystems.

“For 26 years, the Technology Pioneers community has been an early indicator of where technology is going,” said Verena Kuhn, Head of Innovator Communities, World Economic Forum. “What’s new is that early-stage companies are now tackling challenges that until recently required enormous budgets, infrastructure and large teams. AI is not just what these companies are building; it is also what is making it possible.”

Beyond AI infrastructure, the cohort highlights the breadth of early-stage innovation. Companies are developing cleaner energy sources, improving cancer detection, increasing industrial efficiency, protecting data from future quantum-computing threats, enabling in-orbit satellite servicing and creating lower-impact materials. Many of these ambitions once required the resources of large corporations or government programmes. Advances in AI, simulation and automation are allowing smaller teams to tackle complex scientific and industrial challenges, accelerating innovation across sectors.

The pioneers will contribute expertise to Forum initiatives through a two-year engagement programme and be invited to participate in the Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2026, taking place on 23-25 June in Dalian, People’s Republic of China.

More information about the Technology Pioneers community and past cohorts is available here.

The 2026 Technology Pioneers are:

Australia

  • Uluu – Developing seaweed-based biodegradable biomaterials as sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics.

Brazil

  • Comp – Providing compensation management, salary benchmarking and merit cycle tools for technology companies.

Canada

  • Intuitive AI – Delivering AI-powered food waste monitoring and recycling analytics for commercial kitchens.

China

  • Deep Wisdom – Developing an automated machine learning platform for e-commerce and manufacturing.
  • DeepCtrls Technologies – Building physics-informed AI for energy-efficient control of industrial systems.
  • Landing Med – Using AI-powered digital pathology for early cancer detection.
  • Ninetech – Enabling enterprise digital transformation through large language models and robotic process automation.
  • OneAIX Technology – Providing AI solutions for trade and intelligent systems.
  • PhaBuilder – Engineering halophilic microorganisms to produce biodegradable materials and chemicals.
  • Pheno Innovations – Advancing breakthroughs in critical materials across industries through AI-powered technologies.
  • Tripo AI – Generating AI-powered 3D models for gaming and mixed reality applications.
  • Xense Robotics – Developing multi-modal tactile sensing technology to enhance robotic dexterity.
  • Zephyr Intelligent Systems – Building closed-loop thermal safety systems for lithium-ion batteries.

Colombia

  • Quipu – Providing AI-driven credit solutions for informal workers without traditional credit histories.

Denmark

  • Sparrow Quantum – Developing deterministic single-photon sources for scalable optical quantum technologies.

France

  • Robeaute – Building modular microrobots for minimally invasive neurosurgical interventions.

Germany

  • Dunia – Combining AI and robotics to accelerate the discovery of electroactive materials.
  • SPARK Microgravity – Enabling microgravity research collaboration through integrated hardware and software platforms.

India

  • Airbound – Operating drone networks to deliver blood and critical medical supplies to rural healthcare systems.
  • Bellatrix Aerospace – Developing and manufacturing propulsion technologies for in-space mobility.
  • BorderPlus – Supporting healthcare professionals to access high-growth international opportunities.
  • Dhruva – Building small satellite platforms to advance India’s growing space ecosystem.
  • Ethereal Exploration Guild – Developing reusable medium-lift launch vehicles for cost-efficient orbital access.
  • Fermbox Bio – Producing alternative lipids, proteins and green chemicals through fermentation-based biomanufacturing.
  • OrbitAID – Developing technologies for on-orbit satellite servicing, including refuelling, repair and de-orbiting.
  • Sarla Aviation – Building electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft for urban air mobility.
  • Varaha – Leveraging remote sensing and blockchain technologies for agriculture-based climate solutions in developing markets.

Israel

  • NeoLogic – Developing quasi-CMOS microprocessor technology to reduce chip power consumption and size.
  • Ray Security – Delivering AI-driven proactive cybersecurity to limit data access and prevent ransomware attacks.

Japan

  • 3DC – Developing graphene meso-sponge materials to address electrode expansion challenges in batteries.
  • Fermelanta – Producing rare plant-based ingredients for medicine and cosmetics through microbial fermentation.
  • Godot – Combining behavioural science and AI to advance human augmentation technologies.
  • NanoQT – Building quantum interconnects compatible with optical fibre for long-distance quantum communication.
  • OptQC – Developing photonic quantum computers that leverage light for practical applications.

Kenya

  • Pezesha – Connecting micro, small and medium-sized enterprises to credit and supply chain finance through embedded finance infrastructure.

Mexico

  • OTIF – Operating an online booking platform connecting shipping companies, logistics providers and customers.

Saudi Arabia

  • intella – Providing Arabic-first speech-to-text and analytics solutions for call centres and media.
  • Nommas Technologies – Developing AI-powered visual inspection systems for manufacturing quality control.

Singapore

  • Gero – Integrating physics and AI to accelerate drug development for age-related diseases.
  • Sentient Labs – Empowering the development of open-source AGI.
  • SixSense – Providing a no-code deep learning platform for computer vision applications in manufacturing.

Slovenia

  • Sunrise Robotics – Developing autonomous robotic cells with AI-powered perception for manufacturing.

Republic of Korea

  • A-Robot – Building humanoid and service robots designed for human-robot coexistence.
  • bitsensing – Developing radar solutions for vehicle safety, urban traffic management and healthcare monitoring.
  • RLWRLD – Building foundation models that enable robots to perceive and manipulate physical environments.
  • SDT – Providing edge computing and internet-of-things hardware for enterprise digital transformation.

Switzerland

  • Atinary Technologies – Offering a no-code AI platform for self-driving laboratories to accelerate molecule and materials research and development.
  • Metafuels – Converting green methanol into sustainable aviation fuel.

United Arab Emirates

  • Fasset – Delivering stablecoin-powered banking, international payments and investment access.

United Kingdom

  • Caristo Diagnostics – Building AI-driven imaging to detect and predict cardiovascular disease.
  • Epoch BioDesign – Engineering AI-designed enzymes for low-temperature biorecycling of nylon polymers.
  • IONATE – Developing hybrid intelligent transformers for smart grid power flow control.
  • MatNex – Accelerating materials discovery through AI-driven quantum calculations.
  • Opna – Building the coordination, verification and financing layer for critical power equipment.
  • Paid – Building business infrastructure for AI agents, including pricing, billing and renewals.
  • Sitehop – Delivering 200Gbps full duplex encryption for enterprise network infrastructure.
  • Uplift360 – Advancing chemical recycling technologies for carbon fibre and advanced composites.

United States

  • Adaption Labs – Developing adaptive AI systems that continuously learn and evolve across industries.
  • Albert – Providing an AI platform for materials science research and laboratory data management.
  • Alta Resource Technologies – Deploying novel refining technologies to produce high-purity minerals more efficiently and sustainably.
  • AOA Dx – Combining AI and biomarkers for early-stage cancer detection through liquid biopsy.
  • Autonomize – Using AI to contextualize unstructured clinical data and improve patient outcomes.
  • DeepLook Medical – Developing medical imaging AI for cancer visualization across ultrasound, CT and MRI.
  • Emerald AI – Enabling data centres to dynamically adjust power usage and stabilize electricity grids through AI.
  • Endolith – Using AI-guided microbes to recover copper from low-grade ore with lower energy consumption.
  • GridCARE – Forecasting electricity grid capacity with generative AI to support data centre development.
  • Hello Robot – Building open-source mobile manipulators for embodied AI research and education.
  • Helios – Predicting agricultural commodity prices and supply chains through AI-powered analytics.
  • Hertility – Offering at-home diagnostic testing and personalized care plans for hormonal health, fertility and menopause.
  • Inception Labs – Developing diffusion large language models that power applications such as coding assistance, voice interaction and search optimization.
  • Interlune – Building machinery to extract helium-3 from the lunar surface.
  • Istari Digital – Delivering digital twin and simulation technologies for aerospace and defence.
  • Kredete – Providing mobile banking and credit-building services for African immigrants in North America.
  • Laminar – Combining AI-driven precision automation with spectral sensors for industrial manufacturing.
  • Lunar Outpost – Developing space robotics and lunar surface mobility systems.
  • Mantel – Advancing molten-salt carbon capture for high-temperature industrial processes.
  • Mazama Energy – Harnessing superhot rock geothermal energy for renewable power generation.
  • Northwood – Building ground networks powered by phased array technology to support space operations.
  • Odyssey – Developing general-purpose world models capable of predicting and interacting with real-world environments over extended periods.
  • Overview Energy – Advancing manufacturing technologies for aerospace energy systems.
  • Parallel Bio – Combining human immune organoids and AI to improve drug safety prediction and discovery.
  • Pow.Bio – Building continuous fermentation platforms that reduce production costs by separating growth and production phases.
  • Power to Hydrogen – Producing hydrogen from renewable electricity using anion exchange membrane electrolyzers.
  • Pure Lithium – Developing lithium metal vanadium batteries for electric vehicles and grid storage.
  • QuSecure – Delivering post-quantum cryptography solutions to protect against future cybersecurity threats.
  • Rainmaker – Enhancing precipitation through cloud seeding, drones and weather modelling for agriculture.
  • Realta Fusion – Building compact modular fusion systems for zero-carbon industrial heat.
  • Reditus Space – Enabling microgravity manufacturing and hypersonic re-entry as a service.
  • Samaya AI – Developing AI agents for financial research, analysis and decision-making in asset management.
  • Savor – Producing real fats directly from carbon without relying on animals or farmland.
  • Skyfire – Enabling AI agents to conduct commerce through identity verification and payment infrastructure.
  • Stepful – Empowering communities with accessible pathways to healthcare careers through training and certification programmes.
  • Tern – Developing satellite-free navigation systems for vehicles and defence using real-time mapping data.
  • Tradeverifyd – Helping enterprises monitor and address supply chain risks in line with regulatory and financial requirements.
  • Vaulted Deep – Permanently removing carbon through geological sequestration of carbon-rich biomass waste.
  • Venus Aerospace – Developing reusable hypersonic flight systems powered by detonation ramjet engines.
  • VESSL AI – Providing an MLOps platform for training and deploying AI models at scale.
  • Voltai – Building AI models for next-generation semiconductor technologies.
  • WindBorne – Delivering AI weather forecasting through a global network of long-duration smart balloons.
  • Zartico – Using AI to deliver the clearest view of visitor behaviour for the tourism industry.

About the Technology Pioneers

Launched in 2000, the Technology Pioneers is a leading community for early-stage companies from around the world that are shaping the future through breakthrough technologies and innovations. These companies are selected for their potential to have a significant impact on business and society and are invited to engage with public and private sector leaders through the World Economic Forum’s global platform.

The Technology Pioneers community is part of the Innovator Communities at the World Economic Forum, which convene the world’s leading global start-ups across different growth stages from early-stage Technology Pioneers to growth-stage Global Innovators and unicorn companies valued at more than $1 billion.

About the Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2026

The 17th Annual Meeting of the New Champions will take place from 23 to 25 June 2026 in Dalian, People’s Republic of China, under the theme “Innovating at Scale”. The meeting will bring together 1,500 cross-sector leaders to explore how innovation and emerging technologies can unlock new growth models and drive positive economic momentum in a fast-shifting global landscape.

Politics

U.S. Upends Iranian Shadow Fleet and Oil-for-Gold Terror Financing Network

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Press Statement via Thomas “Tommy” Pigott, Principal Deputy Spokesperson April 15, 2026

The United States is acting to decisively limit Iran’s ability to generate revenue as it attempts to hold the Strait of Hormuz hostage. Today’s sanctions target elements of U.S.-designated Mohammad Hossein Shamkhani’s multi-billion-dollar oil smuggling empire that enriches the Iranian regime and its elites. It also targets a separate oil-for-gold network that finances U.S.-designated Hizballah and the U.S.-designated Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corp-Qods Force (IRGC-QF).

The Iranian regime continues to enrich corrupt elites like the Shamkhani family while ordinary Iranians suffer under a deteriorating economy. The regime likewise funnels the wealth of the Iranian people to Hizballah and other terrorists in the Middle East. These designations underscore our commitment to maximum pressure on Iran and its terrorist proxies.

The complex schemes involving illicit Iranian oil, gold, and terrorist financing demonstrate the lengths to which Iran and its partners will go to evade sanctions and fund malign activities. We will continue to expose and disrupt these networks.

Since President Trump issued National Security Presidential Memorandum 2, the United States has sanctioned over 1,000 persons, vessels, and aircraft as part of our campaign against Iranian malign activity. We will not relent in our efforts to deny Iran and its proxies the resources they use to threaten U.S. interests and regional stability.

Today’s action marks the latest round of sanctions targeting Iranian oil sales and support to Iran’s terrorist proxies since the issuance of National Security Presidential Memorandum 2 (NSPM-2), directing maximum pressure on Iran and its regional proxies. More information on today’s designations can be found in Treasury’s Press Release.

Military

NORAD detects, tracks, and identifies Russian aircraft entering Canada Air Defense Identification Zones

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Many people are surprised to learn that for seventy-five years and counting, Russian aircraft regularly enter Canada territory. For example, on September 11, 2022, the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) detected, tracked and positively identified two Russian maritime patrol aircraft entering and operating within the Alaskan and Canadian Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZ).

photo: DND

NORAD and USNORTHCOM are Canadian and the American bi-national military commands charged with three missions in the defense of North America: aerospace warning, aerospace control, and maritime warning.

The Russian aircraft remained in international airspace and did not enter American nor Canadian sovereign airspace.

Contrary to how you may feel about it, Russian activity in the North American ADIZ (Air Defense Identification Zone) is not seen as a threat nor is the activity seen as provocative. NORAD tracks and positively identifies foreign military aircraft that enter the ADIZ, and routinely monitors foreign aircraft movements and as required, escorts them from the ADIZ.

THULE AIR BASE, Greenland —Thule’s ballistic missile early warning radar  

The radar is operated by the 12th Space Warning Squadron, a geographically-separated unit of the 21st Space Wing. This upgrade completes another step toward a fully-operational missile defense system for the United States and Canada and friends and allies. 

NORAD employs a layered defense network of satellites, ground-based radars, airborne radar and fighter aircraft to track and identify aircraft and inform appropriate actions. We remain ready to employ a number of response options in the defense of North America and Arctic sovereignty.

Canada’s North Warning System Radar Sites. image:cbc

Aside from Thule Air Base, Greenland, and other Alaskan air bases, defensive operations are also based out of Canadian Forces Station Alert, Nunavut; Whitehorse, Yukon; Yellowknife, Northwest Territories; 17 Wing/Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg, Manitoba; 22 Wing North Bay, Ontario and 5 Wing Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador.

The expanded Canadian Air Defence Identification Zone (CADIZ).

Another operation saw Canadian CF-18 fighters operating from northern airfields to intercept aircraft role-playing as threats. Fighter aircraft were supported by Royal Canadian Air Force and United States Air Force KC-135 air-to-air refuelers.

The monitoring and control of North American airspace remains a primary mission focus area for NORAD. The command maintains robust air defense capabilities to execute the airspace mission over the continental U.S., Alaska and Canada.

General Glen VanHerck

“Exercising in the Arctic allows us to demonstrate our resiliency and advance our operational capabilities that are critical for integrated deterrence and layered defense,” said General Glen VanHerck, NORAD/USNORTHCOM commander. “The men and women of NORAD, in Canada and the United States, remain steadfast in our sacred obligation of deterring threats, and if required, defending North America.”

For the Silo, Captain Alexandra Hejduk/ NORAD.

Sci-Tech

Research: Adult Content, Streaming & Video Hosting Sites Have Most Security Threats

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According to research by our friends at NordVPN, one of the leading cybersecurity companies, adult content, streaming, and video hosting sites have the most security and privacy threats, such as malware, intrusive ads, and trackers. Research shows that NordVPN’s Threat Protection feature, whose sole purpose is to protect people from such threats, blocked 344M trackers, 341M intrusive ads, and 506K malware infections in the month of December 2022 alone.

“The online world is challenging people in every single move they make. Want to read an article? Dozens of ads and pop-ups are ready to immediately cover your screen. Another privacy threat – malware – is lurking for you on websites and in files you are about to download. Websites you browse are also full of third-party trackers that analyze your browsing history to find out what you do online. It depends on you to stop it,” says Adrianus Warmenhoven, a cybersecurity advisor at NordVPN.

Adult content sites contain the biggest amount of malware

Malware is malicious software that seeks to damage or compromise a device or data. Malware’s scope varies from relatively harmless to extremely dangerous. Malicious software can track people’s data, steal sensitive information, or even delete it without your consent.

NordVPN research shows that adult content sites (21%), as well as cloud storage providers (14%) and entertainment sites (11%), contain the biggest amount of malware. In December, Threat Protection blocked 60.4K, 40.1K, and 30.9K domains of these categories respectively.

Among the most common types of malware are viruses, spyware, worms, trojans, adware, scareware, ransomware, and fireless malware.

Streaming media sites have the most intrusive ads

Intrusive advertising refers to pushing invasive and irrelevant ads in front of consumers. They irritate users by popping up unexpectedly, blocking the host page, opening new pages and windows, or playing video and audio at inopportune times.

As for intrusive ads, the majority of them were found on streaming (23%), adult content (16%), and online shopping (9%) sites. Threat Protection detected and blocked millions of them: 552M, 389M, and 226M respectively.

“Today, ad blockers are essential for both security because they block ads that can infect people’s devices and privacy because annoying ads rely on collecting data from web activity and violating people’s privacy. Also, if a website is loading slower than usual, you can blame intrusive ads. Free apps filled with unwanted ads could also drain your device’s battery faster,” explains Adrianus Warmenhoven.

image: variety.com

Video hosting sites have the biggest number of trackers

While many trackers are a tool for advertising and improving user experience, they may also become handy for online spies. Internet service providers (ISPs), marketing agencies, social media companies, and governments can access your online actions and breach your privacy.

NordVPN’s Threat Protection showed that video hosting sites (22%), cloud storage providers (16.31%), web email (16.25%), and information technology sites (12%) have the most trackers. Video hosting sites alone had 239 billion trackers blocked by Threat Protection in December 2022.

It’s worth adding that earlier NordVPN research showed that the average number of trackers per website is highest in Hong Kong (45.4 trackers), Singapore (33.5), the United States (23.1), and Australia (18.6).

“You can become less trackable online by declining third party cookies, because the website can sell your browsing data to third parties; using a VPN, which will hide your real IP address and location; installing a tracker blocker, which will stop your browsers from collecting information about you; and using privacy browsers, which can obfuscate your browser fingerprint, or ditching Google, which tracks a lot of data about you,” says Adrianus Warmenhoven.

Threat Protection scans your files before you download them, identifies threats, and blocks them before they can harm your device. The feature is free with every NordVPN subscription – and it allows you to go online without leaving a trace, protecting your privacy and improving your digital security.

Methodology: The statistics mentioned above were acquired by analyzing aggregated data gathered by the NordVPN’s Threat Protection service in January 2023. No identifiable user information was collected, reviewed, or otherwise involved when the research and compiled results were conducted.